One Of A Dolls House Secession From Society Essays - Films

One of A Doll's House: Secession From Society One of A Doll's House's focal subject is withdrawal from society. It is shown by a few of its characters splitting endlessly from the social principles of their time and following up on their own terms. Nobody character exhibits this better than Nora. During the time where the play occurred society disapproved of ladies standing up for themselves. Ladies should assume a job in which they upheld their spouses, dealt with their kids, also, ensured everything was immaculate around the house. Work, legislative issues, and choices were left to the guys. Nora's first withdrawal from society was the point at which she overstepped the law and chose to acquire cash to pay for her spouses treatment. By doing this, she violated the law as well as she ventured away from the job society had set on her of being absolutely reliant on her spouse. She demonstrated herself not to be defenseless similar to Torvald inferred: you defenseless little animal! Nora's second withdrawal from society was appeared by her choice to leave Torvald and her youngsters. Society requested that she take a place under her better half. This is appeared in the manner Torvald talked down to her making statements like: stresses that you proved unable perhaps help me with, and Nora, Nora, much the same as a lady. She is nearly viewed as property of his: Mayn't I take a gander at my dearest treasure? At all the excellence that has a place with nobody yet me - that is all my own one of a kind? By exiting she takes a position equivalent to her significant other and brakes society's desires. Nora moreover brakes society's desires for remaining in a marriage since separate was disapproved of during that time. Her choice was a withdrawal from all desires put on a lady and a spouse by society. Nora withdrawals are conscious and thoroughly considered. She knows what society expects of her and keeps on doing what she feels is directly notwithstanding them. Her severances are utilized by Ibsen to appear issues of society. In the primary withdrawal Ibsen shows that regardless of Nora making the best decision it is esteemed wrong and not permitted by society since she is a lady. While the fraud can be viewed as off-base, Ibsen is disparaging of the way that Nora is compelled to manufacture. Ibsen is additionally condemning of society's desires of a marriage. He represents this by demonstrating how Nora is constrained to assume a job than act naturally and the possible crumbling of the marriage. All through the play Nora is looked downward on and rewarded as a belonging by her better half. She is something to please him and utilized for appear. He is viewed as the supplier and the leader. Society would have esteemed it an ideal marriage. Ibsen is incredulous of the way that a marriage needed love and understanding, as appeared by Torvald losing control with Nora for taking the advance and sparing him, would be consider as great. A Doll's House's focal subject of severance from society was made to be condemning of society's view on ladies and marriage. Ibsen utilized Nora's withdrawals for instance to delineate that society's desires for a lady's job in the public arena and marriage were mistaken. Her choice to leave was the outcry point on his basic perspective on society.

Each Individuals Outlook on Life and How Its Formed :: essays research papers

Lowly Conundrum: Does or does it not bode well to demand that how every individual sees things relies altogether upon that people extraordinary time, place, and emotional judgment? on their social foundation? I might want to call attention to that this paper is composed expecting there is a flat out reality...and there is really a table staying there, and it isn't only an invention of our creative mind, in a manner of speaking. Absolution the presumption, I must have some place to work from.                     Ã¢â‚¬Å"Did You Just See That?†      I trust it bodes well to demand how somebody sees something relies altogether upon their perspective. An extraordinary current savant, Bertrand Russell’s, thought of appearance and reality clarifies that impression of a table and its dissemination of hues, shape, and sense, change with each perspective. Remarking on the dispersion of shading, Russell expresses that, "It follows that if a few people are taking a gander at the table at a similar second, no two of them will see the very same dissemination of hues, in light of the fact that no two can see it from the very same perspective, and any adjustment in the perspective rolls out some improvement in the manner the light is reflected." What one individual considers the to be as green, one may see as red at another perspective. What's more, what may appear to have shading is really drab in obscurity. What one may see as being square shape, may glance oval in another view. What may detect the table to be hard by a bit of the fingertips might be delicate by the dash of the cheek. Deciding hardness of the table relies upon pressure applied and judge of the sensation. No presumptions can be completely obvious on the grounds that there is no deciding component in picking the correct edge to take a gander at or sense the table. There are no deciding variables wherein point or estimation is smarter to decide than the other in feeling of shading, shape, and feel of an article. Along these lines, contingent upon an individual’s perspective, or perspective, will modify their feeling of impression of any article, thing, or mass. It is a similar thought with a photo. Contingent upon the lighting, time of day, and position the image was taken from, a table can be made to resemble any number of things. In the event that it is night, the table may resemble a darker protuberance against a dim background.

Financial Tips to Help You Through the Government Shutdown

Financial Tips to Help You Through the Government Shutdown Financial Tips to Help You Through the Government Shutdown Financial Tips to Help You Through the Government ShutdownIf youre a government worker whos been furloughed and is currently living no-paycheck-to-no-paycheck, tapping your savings is a better option than racking up high-interest debt.As you’re reading this, the longest United States Government shutdown in history will have either recently ended or still be ongoing with no end in sight.That means wide-ranging implications across all of the “non-essential government services, but it also means that many, many individuals and their families are dealing with some very difficult financial situations. Furloughed workers have been hit the hardest.Those most directly and immediately affected by the shutdown are all of the government workers who aren’t getting paid. According to a recent report from the New York Times, the average furloughed federal worker has so far missed over $5,000 in salary.“More than 800,000 government workers have not received pay since the shutdown began on D ecember 22, which could create an especially dire situation for those living paycheck-to-paycheck,” explained Leslie H. Tayne Esq. (@LeslieHTayneEsq), Founder and Head Attorney at  Tayne Law Group  (@taynelawgroup).“Tightening the household budget is an essential first step. If this is not enough, furloughed employees may wish to seek other employment or apply for unemployment. However, government regulations and conflict of interest policies can restrict where these employees apply for work.Additionally, she added, unemployment benefits can take a week or more to go into effect, and employees will be required to return any benefits received once the government returns to full operations and back pay is issued.Those families impacted are now worried about bills from the holidays, paying rent or mortgages, day care expenses, debts they may already have had and depleting their savings to stay alive during this time. The stress of not knowing and also the restrictions of having to still go to work with no money for gas and bills is overwhelming many.”So what can they do?Have a rainy day fund? Well, its raining right now.Since banks and utility companies don’t seem to have shut down with the government in solidarity, workers may have to tap into their savingsâ€"if they have themâ€"to pay their bills.“If dipping into savings becomes necessary, consider drawing from personal savings first,” advised Tayne. “Taking from your 401(k) should be your last resort since you might be required to pay it back, which would add to your financial drain, or you might suffer a tax consequence or penalty for taking the funds early.Government employees can apply for a ‘financial hardship’ withdrawal from their 401(k) accounts. However, this should be considered an absolute last resort, and will be granted only if the situation meets specific hardship qualifications. So many have limited savings accounts to use and may only be able to last a month if they are lucky.S pend less, and find out if you can pay less, too.  Tayne also recommended talking to your landlord or mortgage company, credit card companies, and other utilities to find out what programs they can offer to reduce your payments temporarily.Some banks and credit unions are offering loans with low interest rates to government workers suffering financial hardship, she said, adding that workers should resort to using their credit cards with caution and limit their spending to absolute necessities. Consider any purchases you intended to make to be put off until you’re back to work if possible.You should also consider an open and frank discussion with age-appropriate household members to discuss purchases and spending during this time, she added. Families affected should work to avoid racking up too much debt during these times, as it will have an even more profound negative impact in the long run.”Stay vigilant and build your emergency fund.We’d love to tell you that there won’t be another shutdown. Or at least, not one anytime soon. But we can’t tell you that. Because there might be! (And lets not forget that another shutdown requires this one to end first.)In the case of a future shutdown, it’s important to be prepared for that possibility.“Having a solid emergency fund will be key to surviving a shutdown,” Tayne told us. “In general, you should always be working to pump up your emergency savings. However, if there is speculation that a shutdown is imminent, consider padding your emergency fund even more.“While living paycheck-to-paycheck can mean saving is nearly impossible, she added, doing so to the best of your ability can help prepare you should a shutdown put you in a dire financial situation or if a financial crisis occurs during the shutdown.Already working on a fairly tight budget? You may also consider finding a side job or taking more hours on when this government shutdown is over to bolster your savings, advised Tayne.Dont worry t hough, this dark cloud does come with one possible silver lining:If you prepare for a shutdown and one doesn’t happen, or it is short-lived, you will certainly not regret having more money in your emergency savings, she offered.Waiting on your federal tax refund? It could be awhile.While the government workers are being hit the hardest, they aren’t the only ones who might not be getting the checks they need to get by.“One of the most prominent ramifications of the government shutdown is the effect on the IRS,” explained Tayne. “As a result of disruptions in the IRS, tax refunds may be delayed. Many families rely on their tax refunds to be able to pay down debts.In order to prepare for the delay in receiving refunds, families should carefully monitor their spending in the meantime, she said. If possible, avoid adding to your debt while you wait for the refund if you were going to use that refund to pay down your debt. The more you charge on a credit card, the more interest you’ll rack up over time, meaning your refund will have less of an impact when you finally receive it.One way to account for current shortfalls is to try and fast track your (eventual) return:If you were using that money for other purchases, you might want to consider getting your taxes prepared and submitted sooner, ahead of the April 15th deadline. Note that this does not affect your state taxes or any refunds you might receive through the state.You might also delay purchases and financial commitments that you were relying on until the money actually arrives in order to not put yourself in a compromising financial position where you could end up with more debt and a limited ability or inability to repay, she continued. Revisiting your intended use of the funds and what other sources you have would be a good exercise at this time.If a delayed refund is putting you in a real financial bind, you can always ask for some leeway:You may even consider a call to your creditors to let th em know your situation and see if they offer options for lowered interest rates or extension of programs you are already involved in that are helping to keep your debt down, said Tayne.Hopefully, this advice will help you if the shutdown is still going on or to prepare for the next one. If there’s a next one. Hopefully, there won’t be!To learn more about financial best practices, check out  these related posts and articles from OppLoans:From Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your Money8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackThe Broke Person’s Guide to Credit Cards8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterHow are you getting through the shutdown?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsLeslie H. Tayne, Esq.  (@LeslieHTayneEsq) has nearly 20 years’ experience in the practice area of consumer and business financial debt-related services. Leslie is the founder and head attorney at  Tayne Law Group  (@taynelawgroup), which specializes in debt relief.

O35 Induction - 1560 Words

O35 Manage induction in health and social care or children and young people’s settings 1.1 Explain why induction is important for practitioners, individual and settings. Induction process is very valuable and of great importance for any early year practitioner, individual or organization. In my opinion this is an ongoing process starting from the advertisement. a) For practitioners: The process of Induction is important for the Early birds in the nest so as to help them integrate into their roles in the organization quickly and effectively. They should be familiarized with the campus first. Like cafeteria, restrooms, classrooms, emergency exits etc. After that introduction with her new colleagues, rules and regulations, benefits and†¦show more content†¦The leader is responsible for selecting mentors for the induction process from the staff depending upon the requirements of the induction process. The mentors should have the skills, expertise and knowledge to coordinate the induction effectively. The observations and notes taken from the induction process states where the new staff is standing and now what skills and abilities should be focused for further development. Thus the progression should continue to give the new staff a chance to enhance their qualifications and skill where they lack. 1.4 Analyze the role of the induction process in supporting others to understand the values, principles and agreed ways of working within a work setting The induction is a planned process which involves various members. The process of induction depends upon how clear and effective your induction policy is. The policy clearly states the role of each member involved in the induction process; and there is a checklist present for each phase. In this way let a newbie join at the beginning of the session or in the mid of the session every newbie is going to enjoy the induction process so that she understands all her duties and responsibilities adhered to the job. This newbie will learn all the tricks of the trade going on in the organization pretty well including the mission vision and what quality work isShow MoreRelatedO35 Managing Induction perfect copy2325 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ O35: Manage Induction in health and social care or children and young people’s settings. 1.1 Explain why induction is important for practitioners, individuals and organisations Induction is a process which starts when a new member of staff is brought into an Organisation. However it is not restricted to new staff. Internal appointments may need a period of induction to help them adjust to new tasks in a changed working environment. Through induction organisations are able to maintain and improveRead MoreLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 Pagespractice in health and social care or children and young people s settings (O20c) 110 Facilitate coaching and mentoring in health and social care or children and young people s settings (O30c)113 Manage induction processes for health and social care or children and young people s settings (O35)116 Facilitate change in health and social care or children and young people s setting (O40) 120 Manage inter-professional working arrangements in a health and social care or children and young people s

Analysis Of The Article Why Do Anything - 1164 Words

Pop Philosophy #2 10/18/16 Phillip Pacheco The article that I have chosen for my second Pop paper is called â€Å"Why Do Anything?† by Costica Bradatan. The article juggles and correlates the ideas of perfection, imperfection that is actualization, and its relation to nothingness, and based off of what is described, what the point is in doing anything in this universe. The idea/analogy used to depict this concept involves the story of an architect from Shiraz, who created one of the most beautiful and breathtaking structure designs ever. Apparently, after devising the plans required for the construction, they were so beautiful and intricate that nearly anybody with any rudimentary understanding of the architectural world was envious, to the point where â€Å"Famous builders begged the architect to allow them to erect the mosque; wealthy people came from afar to buy the plans; thieves devised schemes to steal them; powerful rulers considered taking them by force.† (Why Do Anything?) One may think that the archite ct would have feelings of grandeur and accomplishment, however, quite the contrary occurred. The reason being is that he created a plan so perfect, pure, and clean, that to bring it into the real world via physical construction, would simply be a dissipation of its original, unborn perfection and purity. Seeing his perfect idea succumb to the world s natural and anthropogenic forces, leading to decay, destruction, and mistreatment. So rather than give it up, he â€Å"lockedShow MoreRelatedThe Women s Health Magazines1661 Words   |  7 PagesA close analysis of this Sketchers ad that appeared in several women’s health magazines in 2005 shows how thriving pathos can be used to persuade audiences into purchasing products. The ad demonstrates the way advertisers use ads to generate emotions that create audiences to feel that they require a certain product in their lives. This ad displays sexual content to sell athletic shoes to women ages from mid-teens to yearly thirties. Although the ad was originally displayed in a women’s magazine itRead Morephl320 r2 critical analysis worksheet Essay619 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Critical Analysis Worksheet Read â€Å"Common Core† and â€Å"The Battle Against Common Core Standards.† Perform a critical analysis of each reading using critical thinking techniques from this week’s readings. Respond to the following based on your critical thinking analysis of the â€Å"Common Core† and â€Å"The Battle Against Common Core Standards† readings. 1) Define the term conclusion. 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Although most people still question his work, he did much in the reinvention of various genres. As most people would say, Beckett lived a creative life. He was a humorist, poet, and novelist and later turned to theater director. Many authors have written works analyzing Beckett’s work. Our articles of focus are â€Å"GogoRead MoreA Research Study On Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ( Gdm ) Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesgestation. GDM occurs when the body is not able to make enough insulin or use the insulin that is made for its increased needs during pregnancy. GDM not only causes complications during pregnancy, but can also lead to problems in the future. In this article the author focused on missed opportunities of follow-up care of women of different race and ethnic groups that had GDM in an urban safety net hospital. Research Purpose/Aim The purpose of this study was to assess the follow-up of GDM in the postpartumRead MoreAnalysis Of Money In The Great Gatsby1111 Words   |  5 PagesHappiness of Money (Literary analysis on The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald) Gold diggers are commonly known as women that only go after a guy because of the money that he has. The said women doesn’t even need to love the man just to have the money is enough to keep her around on him. Often times there is a man that really does like this lady, but because he doesn’t have money he never gets with her. What if this man without the money decide he would do anything to get money to impress the girlRead MoreReflection Paper1022 Words   |  5 PagesMost people would agree that â€Å"practice makes perfect†. That goes for anything one does, including in an English class. Throughout the semester I have grown as a writer. There are still things that I could of course work on, and get better at. 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Principles Of Humanitarian Action Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(129) " International Committee of the Red Cross: It has a separate position by virtuousness of its standing and tutelary duty for IHL\." Introduction Armed struggles pose a serious menace to international peace and security. Conflicts among cabals within a State are going more common, than among states. The deceases during World War I were 13 per centum among the military and 14 per centum among civilians. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles Of Humanitarian Action Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now During World War II, military deceases were 15 per centum but civilian deceases rose to 67 per centum. In recent struggles some ninety per centum of the casualties are estimated to be civilian1. The entire figure of deceases reflects a little fraction of the huge agony, supplanting and desolation of struggles. Human rights maltreatment is rife in struggles. Health attention forces are a cardinal resource during human-centered response to struggles and catastrophe and represent diverse bureaus. It is indispensable that they comprehend the issues that impact wellness and human-centered aid in struggle zones. Conflicts Defined The Conventions and the Protocols deliberately use the term â€Å" armed struggle † alternatively ofA war, in order to capture the spectrum of violent struggles in which Non StateActorsareinvolved2.However itsA restrictivenessA toA onlyA considerA twoA classs ofA armedA struggle, international and non-international armed struggles, concludes that it does non use on internal perturbations or otherA stray Acts of the Apostless of violence3. If an armed struggle can be viewed as a struggle of an international character so the wholeA jus in bello applies to the struggle. If the same struggle is considered to be of a non-international character, so it is the basic regulations of Common Article 3 which will be applicable, significantly restricting the protection offered to those involved in such conflict.4 The differentiation of a struggle as international or non-international is less relevant these yearss, as customary regulations apply in any armed conflict.5 It may be argued that province pattern and opinio juris does non use IHL to struggles between provinces and NSAs and States have ever distinguished between struggles against one another, to which the full organic structure of IHL applied, and other armed struggles to which provinces are non prepared to use the same regulations. The Conflict Environment Conflicts demonstrate an assault on the cardinal right to life -viz slaughters, indiscriminate onslaughts on civilians, anguish and executing of captives, famishment of full populations and curtailing freedom of motion -viz physical resettlements, mass ejections, denial of the right to seek refuge or the right to return to one ‘s place. Women and misss are raped and forced into harlotry, and kids are abducted to function as soldiers. Peoples detained â€Å" disappear † , normally killed and buried in secret, with households non cognizing their destiny. Thousands are randomly imprisoned and ne’er brought to test or, are capable to unjust processs. There is a denial of cardinal rights associating to employment, lodging, nutrient or the regard for cultural life. Homes, schools and infirmaries are intentionally destroyed. Relief convoys supplying human-centered assistance are attacked. The prostration of substructure and civic establishments undermines the scope of civil, economic, political and societal rights. Ill wellness and poorness are frequently the most annihilating long-run effects of struggles. Armed conflicts clearly illustrate maltreatment of human rights and the indivisibility and mutuality of all human rights. In 1945, at the Tribunal of Nuremberg, tried war felons of Nazi Germany, and the international community pledged that â€Å" ne’er once more † would it let monstrous offenses against humanity or race murder. In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, one twenty-four hours before following the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1949, a Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War, held in Geneva adopted four Conventions, which codified the human-centered action of soldiers in times of war. By 1951, these international pacts against race murder, war offenses and offenses against humanity had entered into force, set uping a organic structure of jurisprudence known as International Humanitarian Law. The International Tribunal for Yugoslavia was established in 1993 and the International Tribunal in Rwanda, was formed in 1994 after the ‘ethnic cleaning ‘ and ‘systematic race murder ‘ in these states. In July 1998, the International Criminal Court was created. The constitution of the Court demonstrates that the international community is no longer willing to digest misdemeanors of human rights without delegating duty. Unlike the ad hoc Tribunals, the Court provides a mechanism for penalizing culprits of race murder and other offenses against humanity. Principles of Human-centered Action The UN propounds rules towards which human-centered establishments can endeavor. These rules serve to excite and orient treatments to accomplish coherency, coherence, and mutualness among diverse bureaus to better operational effectivity. Differences of reading of these rules exist and will go on to exist6. The eight key rules are as under: – ( a ) Relieve life endangering agony. ( B ) Proportionality to necessitate of human-centered response. ( degree Celsius ) Human-centered action must be non-partisan. ( vitamin D ) Human-centered organisations must be independent. ( vitamin E ) Human-centered organisations must be to the full accountable for their actions. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Human-centered aid must be appropriate. ( g ) Contextualization of the human-centered action. ( H ) Sovereignty must be subordinate to alleviation of dangerous agony. Analyzing Conflicts An analysis of a struggle is indispensable to be after and implement human-centered enterprises. The inquiries of who, why, when, and what are considered to analyse the struggle and take determinations about the nature and extent of engagement for an organisation. The analysis is based on under-mentioned four key categories7. Organizations may use the same classs but come up with different solutions. Who are involved The first class of analysis involves finding, as to which organisations are involved. A reappraisal of struggles indicates that eight establishments contribute to the international system of aid and protection. External respondents Bilateral bureaus: CIDA and USAID Intergovernmental organisations: UN Organizations Internet Explorer ; UNICEF, UNHCR, UNDP or regional organisations ie ; OAS, OAU, ECHO. International non-governmental organisations: eg, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and Oxfam. International Committee of the Red Cross: It has a separate position by virtuousness of its standing and tutelary duty for IHL. Foreign military forces: They play a function in protecting human-centered operations and besides in presenting human-centered aid. Internal respondents Host authoritiess: Put the model for behavior of human-centered activities. Insurgent political and military forces: Establish footings under which human-centered activities are carried out in non-government controlled countries. National and local Nongovernmental organization: They vary in their Numberss, verve, grade of independency from political constructions, relation to the struggle, and their capacity. Nature of the struggle The 2nd class of analysis is to set up the nature of struggle, and why human-centered response is needed. International, Regional, Internal or sub-national: Some establishments work in international struggles, others in internal struggles. Scope: Some are localized in one portion of a province while others are country-wide. Still others are regional in their engagement. Duration: Some struggles sputter on and off ; others burn at a steady province for decennaries. Some erupt overnight ; others fester. Authority: Civil wars no longer acquire â€Å" internationalized † , local factors remain prevailing. ‘Failed provinces ‘ may be wholly disconnected with no one exerting any authorization. Response: In politicized scenes, there may be fluctuations in how a struggle is perceived. What international perceivers may see as a multi-decade war by the governments against the autochthonal minority may be described by the authorities as a jurisprudence and order job. Conflict phases The 3rd class for analysis identifies phases in a struggle. Analyzing the current province of a struggle assists organisations in phasing in / out their ain engagement. Temporal factors: Insurgencies include jumping periods of intense combat and letups, pitched conflicts, tip-and-run onslaughts, strafing, and excavation. Geographic factors: In add-on to temporal factors, struggles are frequently linked to geographicss and may non hold distinct foreparts. Human-centered engagement: In a state at war there will be zones where rehabilitation and development is possible. Spectrum of response The 4th class, based on the nature of a struggle and its peculiar stage is the spectrum of human-centered aid and protection activities. Assistance side activities range from short-run exigency alleviation through Reconstruction of indispensable substructure to medium and longer term development. Protection activities range from attempts on behalf of a threatened individual/family or to protect an full population. Protection from famishment as a political arm and military utilizing disproportional force. Minimal Standards for Human-centered Response Non governmental bureaus engaged in supplying human-centered support in a struggle environment may be from different states, multinational in their presence and carry oning a broad range of work. Due to their international standing, attack, influence and committedness they deliver different criterions of response to a struggle state of affairs. There is a demand to standardise the response of bureaus. It is with this purpose that ‘The Sphere Project ‘ was initiated in 1997 by a group of NGOs and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement8. The Sphere Project guidelines purpose to better the quality of actions by the bureaus during catastrophe /conflict response and be held accountable for them. It identifies cardinal sectors for supplying human-centered alleviation as under- Water supply, sanitation and hygiene publicity. Food security and nutrition. Shelter, colony and non-food points, Health action. A set of six qualitative, procedure criterions have been developed. They are recommended for bureaus involved in planning, managing or implementing a human-centered response. These criterions are as under: – ( a ) People-centered response which recognizes the engagement of affected people and their capacity and schemes to last with self-respect. ( B ) Coordination and coaction. It addresses the demand for an effectual response to be coordinated and implemented with other bureaus. ( degree Celsius ) Appraisal It describes the demand for systematic appraisal to understand the nature of the catastrophe, identify who has been affected and how, and assess people ‘s exposure and capacities. It besides assesses the capacity of the affected people and governments to react. ( vitamin D ) Design and response This Standard demands that bureaus design their response based on an impartial appraisal of demands, turn toing unmet demands in relation to the context and capacity of affected people and provinces to run into their ain demands. Performance and transparence This Standard requires bureaus to continually analyze the effectivity, quality and rightness of their response. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Aid worker public presentation It recognizes that bureaus have an duty to the affected people and to use assistance workers with appropriate cognition, accomplishments, behaviour and attitudes. Health Care in a Conflict Environment Everyone has the right to wellness. The right to wellness can be assured merely if the population is protected, if the professionals responsible for the wellness system are good trained and committed to universal ethical rules and professional criterions, if the system in which they work is designed to run into minimal criterions of demand, and if the province is willing and able to set up and procure the conditions of safety and stability9. A wellness systems approach to the design, execution, monitoring and rating of wellness services is the recommended attack and model for forming wellness services in conflict state of affairss and catastrophe response. This attack ensures that precedence wellness demands are identified and met in an efficient and effectual mode. Health systems are organized into six operational ‘building blocks’- service bringing, wellness work force, information, medical merchandises and engineerings, funding, and leading A ; governance10. Essential wellness services in a Conflict Environment Essential wellness services are preventative and healing wellness services that are appropriate to turn to the wellness demands of population. In a struggle zone and mass casualty state of affairss these include intercessions that are most effectual in forestalling and cut downing extra morbidity and mortality. The decease rates can be highly high and designation of the major causes of morbidity and mortality is of import to plan appropriate services. Progress made in reacting to the health-care demands of conflict-affected populations in recent decennaries, has been compromised by shrinking of the human-centered infinite – the countries in which civilians can seek shelter and assistance workers provide aid in safety. During the 1970s and 1980s, when direct armed clangs between rival provinces was the common face of an armed struggle the same was ‘aˆÂ ¦usually synonymous with overcrowded refugee cantonments sheltering immature populations from developing states. † These cantonments held ‘aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.refugee populations with infective diseases and malnutrition. ‘ This theoretical account does non turn to the complexness of present and future struggles. Intrastate struggles have increased the figure of internally displaced people, as refugee populations have bit by bit decreased. More than half of the refugees of concern to UNHCR live in urban countries, where supplying wellness attention is frequently complex11. The indispensable wellness services has criterions developed under ‘The Sphere Project ‘ for Prioritizing wellness services and Implementing Essential services. Prioritizing wellness services. Peoples must hold entree to wellness services that are prioritized to turn to the chief causes of extra mortality and morbidity. Supplying indispensable wellness services Control of catching diseases Detection and control of emerging infective diseases in struggle state of affairss are major challenges due to multiple hazard factors known to heighten outgrowth and transmittal of infective diseases. Child wellness Children acquire immunisation for rubeolas and everyday Immunization services. They must hold entree to precedence wellness services that are designed to turn to the major causes of newborn and childhood morbidity and mortality. Sexual and Generative wellness Peoples have entree to the precedence reproductive wellness services at the oncoming and comprehensive RH as the state of affairs stabilizes. Injury Peoples have entree to effectual hurt attention to minimise morbidity, mortality and disablement. Mental wellness Peoples have entree to wellness services that prevent or cut down mental wellness jobs and associated impaired operation. Non-communicable diseases. Increase in Non-communicable diseases is outstanding in struggle scenes and this form will likely go on as populations, age and incomes addition. Much extra morbidity and mortality consequences from the aggravation of diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes and malignant neoplastic disease therefore ‘profoundly altering the demographics and disease load of conflict-affected populations ‘ Health Programming in Post-Conflict Fragile States Health attention scheduling is non wholly context particular, and there are a figure of commonalities12. The chief causes of morbidity and mortality in post-conflict provinces may non be specific diseases but struggle, political instability, hapless administration, low poorness, and so on. If this is so, so the of import issue is non what wellness plans should be implemented and how, but how wellness sector plans should be designed and implemented to lend to placing and deciding the political, societal, and economic drivers of breakability. The mortality study conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo13 stated â€Å" decreases in petroleum mortality are closely associated with decreases in force and, by extension, betterments in security. . . † The survey concludes â€Å" these tendencies. . .provide obliging grounds that betterments in security represent possibly the most effectual agencies to cut down extra mortality. † Table1. Democratic Republic of Congo-Deaths per 10,000 per day13 Crude mortality rate ( 95 % CI ) Under-5 mortality rate ( 95 % CI ) Health zones describing force 3.0 ( 2.6-3.4 ) 6.4 ( 5.7-7.2 ) Health zones non describing force 1.7 ( 1.5-1.9 ) 3.1 ( 2.7-3.5 ) Health plans may be of import in the post-conflict scene non because they lower the load of disease, but because they lower the degree of tenseness within a society and cut down the bad struggle recidivism14. USAID ‘s Fragile States Strategy15 has four precedences: enhance stableness ; better security ; promote reform throughout countries of administration ; and develop institutional capacity. Health plans are planned in all countries of precedence. Enhance stableness Health plans can heighten stableness by concentrating on beginnings of breakability eg ; where breakability is a due to marginalisation of certain cultural groups, increasing societal services to these groups tends to do contribute to peace. Peace Dividend Specific wellness sector intercessions that provide first-class support of the alleged peace dividend ( short-run, high-impact activities, linked to long-run structural reform ) are childhood inoculation plan. Such actions may non be the most effectual manner for presenting wellness services, but establishes legitimacy foremost to cover with effectivity subsequently. The Equity Issue Racial, socio-economic, and cultural wellness disparities due to unjust distribution of wellness services are seen in many states. In a geographic zone of a state that benefited, before and during the struggle, from wellness service bringing to a greater extent than other, the â€Å" new † authorities might make up one’s mind to give the â€Å" rich persons † more, to be able to supply services more equitably in the hereafter. Measurement and Monitoring Donors, authorities, and civil society must make up one’s mind together on clear and actionable monitoring. Challenges for Donors There is an addition in the rift between the alleviation and the development sides of giver bureaus, with relief-funding being higher than development-funding. A bead in post-conflict wellness sector support must be addressed for a smooth fiscal passage. Structuring Health Servicess Due to inadequate human resources in most post-conflict states, and it is hard to present wellness services. The current tendency in giver scheduling in post-conflict scenes seems to be to go forth wellness sector direction to the populace sector, but to let for private sector bringing of wellness services. Contracting is one manner of making this and is being tried in a figure of states. Decision Conflicts cause non merely deceases and hurts, but effects such as displaced populations, the dislocation of wellness and societal services, and disease transmittal besides take a toll on public health16. â€Å" aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Armed conflicts history for more decease and disablement than many major diseases combined. It destroys households, communities, and sometimes whole civilizations. It directs scarce resources off from wellness and other human services, and frequently destroys the substructure for these services†¦ . Yet, despite all of these effects on human wellness and well-beingaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . ( these facets ) have non been adequately covered in their professional instruction. â€Å" 17Public wellness professionals must develop the grounds base for public wellness and human-centered intercessions during and after struggles. Those responsible for supplying exigency alleviation demand to increase their cognition, preparation and expertness ; more informati ons must be made available to increase the answerability of alleviation attempts to the affected populations and to givers ; and research on the impact of assistance on the continuance, magnitude or result of struggles is needed.18 How to cite Principles Of Humanitarian Action Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Wireless Networking Concepts Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Wireless Networking Concepts Management? Answer: Introduction There are various antennas used in todays world of which microstrip antennas is expected to dominate in mere future. The report showcases all the antennas, their strength, weaknesses and also highlights the advanced wireless technologies with their use, strength and weaknesses. Different antennas, their strength, weakness, the antenna which will dominate in future Horn antenna A horn antenna or microwave antenna comprises of the erupting waveguide that looks like a horn and it directs radio wave in between the waveguide and the vacuum. The horn antenna radiates radio waves from the waveguide out in the vacuum, it also accumulates radio waves into the horn antennas waveguide for acceptance (Yin et al., 2013). The radio waves are radiated from the horn antenna tube to the vacuum and horn antenna generally provides a transmission structure where the impedance of the tube is matched with the impedance of the vacuum. The horn antenna is of five types- sectoral, pyramid, corrugated, conical, exponential. Again, a sectoral horn antenna is divided into E-plane horn antenna and H-plane horn antenna. Strength The horn antennas do not have resonant features and they can be operated over a long extent of frequencies and bandwidth The gain of the horn antenna extends up to 25 dBi (Lo Lee, 2013). The horn antenna offers broad bandwidth, low SWR, medium gain. Offers good efficiency Weakness The antenna requires being developed with utmost care (Yin et al., 2013) The antenna lacks quality features. YAGI antenna Previously, YAGI antennas were broadly utilized for TV reception, however as they are developed for only one frequency, they are not suitable for long frequency extent.YAGI antennascomposed of one or more directors, one driven element and one reflector. Strength The YAGI antenna has a gain that enables lower signal strength. The antenna has permissive impedance levels that are minimized (Abhijyoti et al., 2017). The design of the antenna allows the antenna to be escalated very easily on vertical and other beam poles Weakness The YAGI antenna extends for high gain levels For a single YAGI antenna, the gain limits to 20dB Microstrip antenna Microstrip antennas are used worldwide. It is utilized as a part of satellite communication, missile systems, and mobile, GPS because of its light weight and shape, easy implementation. It is definitely better compared to the other antennas and will surely dominate in mere future (Liu et al., 2013). Advantages: It is relatively easy to develop It has a low creation cost. The antennas are efficient radiators (Liu et al., 2013). It has a help for both circular polarization, direct polarization. It is easy to integrate with microwave integrated circuits. Compare and contrast the multiplexing techniques CDMA and FDMA in the area of wireless networking FDMA CDMA Design Divide the frequency band into several separate sub-bands Extent the spectrum by utilizing orthogonal codes Terminals Each and every terminal has its own frequency in a continuous manner At the same time and the same instance all terminals can be made active, in a continuous manner (Zhang et al., 2015) Signal Prepare Signal can be prepared in the frequency domain by the process of filtering Signal can be prepared by code and specialised receivers Benefits Easy, elegant, robust, easy to configure (Ghosh Mandal, 2015) requires planning, lesser frequency, pliable Detriment Rigid, frequency is available in lesser amount The receivers are complicated, for the senders complex power control is required Others FDMA is incorporated with TDMA and SDMA for better outcomes FDMA is incorporated with TDMA or FDMA for best possible results, the design is more complicated Advanced wireless technologies, their use, their strength, their weakness Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags are utilized to uniquely identify the objects by reading tags attached with the objects. RFID is also utilized to detect animals and human beings (Hutabarat et al., 2016). Strength RFID can read the tags of the specific objects even from two hundred meters. RFID can identify objects, even human beings and animals (Hutabarat et al., 2016) RFID is used at the entry gate to monitor and check people and objects. Weakness RFID systems are relatively expensive compared to the bar code systems RFID is less trustworthy and reliable The technology is quite complex and hard to understand The RFID tags are larger than bar codes (Hutabarat et al., 2016) Use of Bluetooth Bluetooth, a wireless technology is used to transmit data over small distances and is implemented in laptops, mobile phones (Heydon, 2013). Strength Bluetooth is cheap Bluetooth is very easy to install (Heydon, 2013) It can connect to multiple services including laptops and mobile devices and one can share files through it Weakness The devices connected to Bluetooth can be easily hacked. Only two devices can be connected at once (Heydon, 2013) The mobile phones are very much prone to viruses The connection range is short Use of WiFi Direct WiFi enabled devices must be flexible with WiFi Direct. WiFi Direct involves data exchange without the use of net connection (Hutabarat et al., 2016). Strength WiFi Direct does not require the router WiFi Direct can connect multiple devices unlike Bluetooth (Hutabarat et al., 2016) Security can be achieved via WiFi Protected Setup to connect WiFi Direct devices. Weakness WiFi Direct is relatively new technology, it is new to Android and the Android users are finding bugs iPhones do not support WiFi Direct (Hutabarat et al., 2016). Samsung devices have set restrictions on the use of WiFi Direct. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discourse microstrip antenna is the best among all the antennas explained. The strength and weakness of all the antennas have been explained in details. CDMA and FDMA have been compared and contrast in this report. The advanced wireless technologies, their use, strength, the weakness has also been showcased in this report. References Abhijyoti, G., Subhradeep, C., Sanjay, G. K., Kumar, S. L. L., Sudipta, C., Banani, B. (2017). Slot-Loaded Microstrip Antenna: A Possible Solution for Wide Banding and Attaining Low Cross-Polarization. InRecent Developments in Intelligent Computing, Communication and Devices(pp. 113-119). Springer, Singapore. Ghosh, S., Mandal, P. (2015, April). A new algorithmic approach for the construction of spreading codes for CDMA systems. InCommunications and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 2015 International Conference on(pp. 0190-0194). IEEE. Heydon, R. (2013).Bluetooth low energy: the developer's handbook. Prentice Hall. Hutabarat, D. P., Patria, D., Budijono, S., Saleh, R. (2016, October). Human tracking application in a certain closed area using RFID sensors and IP camera. InInformation Technology, Computer, and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), 2016 3rd International Conference on(pp. 11-16). IEEE. Liu, J., Xue, Q., Wong, H., Lai, H. W., Long, Y. (2013). Design and analysis of a low-profile and broadband microstrip monopolar patch antenna.IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,61(1), 11-18. Lo, Y. T., Lee, S. W. (2013).Antenna Handbook: theory, applications, and design. Springer Science Business Media. Pyattaev, A., Johnsson, K., Andreev, S., Koucheryavy, Y. (2013, April). 3GPP LTE traffic offloading onto WiFi direct. InWireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW), 2013 IEEE(pp. 135-140). IEEE. Yin, H., Gesbert, D., Filippou, M., Liu, Y. (2013). A coordinated approach to channel estimation in large-scale multiple-antenna systems.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,31(2), 264-273. Zhang, J., Yang, L. L., Hanzo, L., Gharavi, H. (2015). Advances in cooperative single-carrier FDMA communications: Beyond LTE-Advanced.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,17(2), 730-756.

The scene I have chosen to analyse is act 3 scene 5 Essay Example For Students

The scene I have chosen to analyse is act 3 scene 5 Essay The scene starts with Romeo leaving for Mantua. As he leaves Lady Capulet enters, she tells Juliet that Capulet has offered her hand in marriage to Paris. Then Capulet walks in with the nurse and reiterates what is wife had said. Juliet refuses to marry Paris and her father bursts out in rage. When the Scene concludes, we see Juliet feel isolated as everyone she has turned to has given her the same advice, marry Paris. The only person who can help her is Friar Laurence. During Shakespeare times, arranged marriages were very common, but as generations developed they found their own love and had to betray there own families. In modern audiences they may be struggling to see this as it is a regular practice to find your own love these days. Shakespeares audience know that it is a mortal sin to attempt marriage when you are already married. Shakespeares audience believe that if you do this you are sure to go to hell. We will write a custom essay on The scene I have chosen to analyse is act 3 scene 5 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This scene is very important to the context of the play because firstly the scene presents division between the older generation and the younger generation. We also learn the tensions between the older generation and the younger generation. We also learn the tensions between the parents and the children. Whats more we notice a dilemma between Juliet and her parents over marriage. He shall not make me there a joyful bride. This quote suggests to us that Parris will not make Juliet happy and it is Romeo she wants to marry. As the play proceeds Juliet shows us her reaction to Tybalts death, she uses it to cover up her emotions for Romeo. Yet let me weep for such a feeling loss. The tension increases as only the audience is aware of what she really means. Her loss is due to Romeos departure. Juliet is defiant and determined not to marry Paris. Her heart belongs to Romeo; she is already married to him. This use of dramatic irony creates suspense within the scene and involves the audience. The outrage by Capulet, her father increases the tension and highlights the disintegration of their relationship. Disobedient wretch! This outrage represents the generational difference and the obvious conflict between parent and child. As the scene draws to an end it shows the lose relationship between the nurse and Juliet and how that disappears. This scene has great significance to the play because it tells us what is going to happen next. We can foresee that Juliet has got to resolve this situation on her own. We find a lot out about the characters in this scene. Juliet shows us love and dedication towards Romeo God pardon him I do with all my heart. This quote is an aide quote it is said to the audience. Although she is pretending to be angry with Romeo we know she still loves him and has asked for his forgiveness. The technique of dramatic irony is used once again to build up tension throughout the scene. The audience anticipate conflict. Lady Capulet seems very concerned towards her daughters well being; she wants the best for her. Marry my child early next Thursday morn. But Lady Capulet finds she is becoming too rebellious she waits for her father to arrive. Here comes your father tell him so yourself; And see how he takes it at your hands. This quote highlights that Capulet will not take her refusal well. He shows the audience the dilemma Juliet is in and we are involved and feel her stress. Capulet is very caring for his daughter and has promised Paris, Juliets hand in marriage. When he hears her refusal, he gets annoyed and upset and then suddenly leashes out on her. We then see a side that we have never seen before. hang thee, young baggage, disobedient wretch! This sudden change in tone is dramatic and here the action of the scene creates fear and suspense in the audience. These insults continue. They are degrading and the word disobedient emphasises the conflict between the father and the daughter. Finally there is the nurse; this scene changes the audiences opinion towards her heavily. She has always seemed to understand Juliets problems and comprehend what matters to her. Only in this scene the nurse and Juliet are having different opinions over Juliets love. Romeo is banished; he dares neer come back I think its best you married the county Her advice comes after Capulets outburst and although it is obvious that the nurse cares, she is worried for Juliets future and urges her to obey her father for peaces sake. After receiving this advice Juliet is upset and disappointed. By the end of the scene she is alone and isolated. If all else fail myself have power to die. .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd , .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd .postImageUrl , .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd , .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd:hover , .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd:visited , .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd:active { border:0!important; } .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd:active , .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua97749bfd310146a133b55f5db30b6fd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Relation of Drama to Literature EssayThis quote demonstrates her determination to be with Romeo. It also implies that if she has to die for him to be with him, she will. The setting for these characters and there dilemmas would be in Juliets bedroom with criss-crossed windows to emphasis the fact that she is almost in prison, and gives the impression that she has nowhere to go and no one to turn to. There would be a king size bed in the centre of the room giving the message that there is space for two people and she has to choose between Romeo and Paris. The colours I would add to their bedroom are bright pink with a hint of beige to show its a girls bedroom but to also show innocence. The paintings on the walls would show a girl in a tower being rescued by two people her true love and her arranged partner. This would be a mirror image of what is happening in the play and would add contrast from comic to reality. The character would have to be dressed appropriately to bring the issue of night and day into prospective. The costumes would tell us what time of the day it is, in this case night time. The appropriate clothing for Juliet would be an exquisite Elizabethan flowing dress to show that she is wealthy. Her hair should be long and loose like a shower of rain this being a metaphor of her tears. The nurse should be wearing an outfit to show that she is not one of the family maybe a set uniform, it would be very bright and it would be given to her from Capulet. As the nurse is talking to Juliet she would be brushing her hair. This would highlight her close relationship. I think that there should not be too much activity otherwise the focus of the storyline will get taken away. The nurses shoes should be very simple to show that the family is not spending much money towards her. Lady Capulet will be wearing a nightgown embedded with lots of gold detail and very high class slippers. I think it would be effective for her to be wearing glasses to show that she is very perceptive. Capulet would be wearing pyjamas with very low detail and they would be very dull and dreary to show contrast between himself and the nurse. He will have a lot of hair but a bald patch on the top centre back part of the scalp. My aim is to create as much reality as possible in just the costumes, but not to take the attention of the storyline and language away. There would be a lot facial expressions because they can be very effective and emotive towards the audience. As Romeo leaves for Mantua his expressions should be glum. Farewell, farewell. One kiss and Ill descend. At this point I also think that Romeo should be holding Juliets hand and then lift it up and kiss it. This enhances the audiences view to their love. Capulets anger towards Juliet is a striking moment to this scene. Speak not, reply not, do not answer me. This line is very important to the scene as it is his first step towards his aggression. My fingers itch As he says these lines his face should cringe with anger and disappointment he should also be gnashing his teeth and be pushing Juliet around. This action towards Juliet would show the audience a side tat we have never seen before but always expected. I think the most effective way of continuing this scene is by capturing a close up of Juliet and showing the tears rolling down her face as she says, Fie Fie, what are you mad! As she speaks this I think she should be seen on her knees begging her father not to send her away. Finally the nurse will be very cautious as to what she says to Juliet, I believe that throughout the scene she should be smiling trying to calm the situation down between Capulet and his daughter. God in heaven bless her. If she does this then there is a lot of contrast between herself and Capulet. This sort of action is most likely what makes the audience more anxious I would include a variety of sound effects one of them being a clock chiming this would illustrate to the audience that it is very late. I would then add, crickets croaking to show that there are moments of silence during the scene. There would be some sort of weather sound implement and I would use the wind whooshing to give a chilling effect towards the audience. In the background I would add a beat especially at nerve racking parts where Juliet speaks her monologue. This will show how her hearts pounds and I believe it would evoke the tension in the audience. The camera shots I would employ to add maximum effect for the audience would firstly be a two shot over the shoulder close up on Romeo speaks his important words. .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5 , .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5 .postImageUrl , .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5 , .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5:hover , .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5:visited , .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5:active { border:0!important; } .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5:active , .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5 .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub6bcda2a8e13349a3199517add1c18b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on A Dolls HouseFarewell! Loves in my eye so do you The camera would be focused on Juliet so we can see what her expressions would be and vice versa, as the scene progresses when Romeo leaves I would record a high angled long shot to show both Romeos and Juliets expressions for one another, it would also show the entire action-taking place. Dry sorrow drinks our blood. Adieu, adieu! As this line is said each of there expressions would be showing that they are sad because they are going to be parted from each other. The slay continues when Juliet and Lady Capulet are speaking to each other, there should be a medium wide shot this would show how they are reacting to what they say. As Juliets father speaks the line To go with Paris to Saint Peters church! I believe the most effective way of showing his anger in his eyes is to do a big close up of him then the camera should slowly zoom out to record a high angled shot so we can see all of there reactions towards him. When the nurse and Juliet speak to each other, I think the speed of the action should be a lot slower. Romeo is banished. As this quote is spoken a slow motion camera rolling effect should be applied, this would heighten the tension to show the nurse is thinking totally different to what Juliet is thinking. The lighting plays a key part throughout the scene. As Romeo is preparing to leave for Mantua I would put a red spotlight on both Juliet and her lover to illustrate there love for one another. As Romeo walks off the set the red spot will fade of him and a white spot will fade on Juliet and the Nurse as she hastily walks on the set. As Lady Capulet enters I would fade down the spots and brighten up the whole set so it is clearer to see the action. I would use a number of different filters and gels to apply colour and contrast against the scenery. As Capulet walks on, the back main lights should dim and the spot lights should appear on Juliet and Capulet. Disobedient wretch. At this quote there should be a complete blackout and the set should be filled with haze. Then a strobe light should flash to emphasis what is happening in slow motion allowing us to a part of the violence. The strobe should promptly stop when the nurse says her line, God heaven bless her. As this line is spoken the main lights should fade up this will relieve the some of the anxiety from the audience allowing them to take a breath before the next nail biting, nerve wracking scene starts. At the end of the scene I would have a blackout so it is easy for the characters to walk off the set without getting seen. Of course, language is the most effective device because it helps to keep the reality of the play. Since language is central to an understanding of Shakespeares intentions I would keep it Elizabethan. If it were filmed this way, the effect of the scene would be highly dramatic. With these features highlighted, the scene would be significant because it would stress the point that Capulet thinks he knows what upset his daughter, (tybalts death) but he is wrong. Lady Capulet knows as much as her husband (not a lot). Juliet knows about her marriage to Romeo but cannot explain the situation to her parents, although she doesnt know; until they tell her, about there plan to marry Paris. The nurse, at this point knows about Juliets secrets. Throughout the whole scene, Shakespeare carefully makes dramatic use of what people do or do not know. The key dramatic moment by a video camera using the slow motion effect and adding a blue strobe flashing at 10 FPS this would enhance the effect when Capulet starts to push Juliet around. The most significant word is, out on her hilding. Because this tells us that Capulet thinks his daughter is a useless person and we have not seen this verbal abuse from him till this point. In Shakespeares own time there was no lighting effects no special effects or scenery. In those days they based the reality of the play I the acting, facial expressions and the costumes. The impression might have been very different I the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the language may have been the same but the costumes would have been a lot more advanced. The scenery and action would be very different because it would be live on stage and there would be camera shots allowing you to see only the selected parts whereas live on stage you would see the whole thing. In conclusion I think my film version would be a lot easier to understand. I think it would have the same effect on different generations in the modern audience. The scene therefore would be a lot more advanced. Overall, my film version of the scene would be very successful.

Lord of the Flies Theme essay essays

Lord of the Flies Theme essay essays Lord of the Flies Cruelty and savagery are all parts of human life. When the reigns of civilization are lifted, cruelty and savagery are left alone to roam freely. William Golding expresses the need for civilized order to maintain the cruel savage beast in us all. In Golding's Lord of the Flies, the theme of discovering one's true self is displayed through object symbolism, analytical symbols of the cruel tribe and beast, and analysis of key character symbols. The use of object symbolism develops the structure and meaning of the novel. The symbolic meaning of certain items in the novel provide a degree of certainty of what the theme pertains to. An example of object symbolism is noted in the large conch shell. The shell symbolizes order and civilization due to its power to create order through organizing meetings. The conch also symbolizes destruction of order once Roger crushes it beneath a boulder. The act of destroying the shell provides an illustration of how uncivilized the isla nd has become. Another example of object symbolism is depicted in the signal fires that Ralph sternly suggests should exist. These fires symbolize a hope for rescue and a return to order and civilization. Once Jack, who is in charge of the fire, shuns the importance of a signal fire, it then symbolizes lost hope. Once Piggy suggests reigniting the fire it then symbolizes a restoration of hope. Another portrayal of Golding's object symbolism exists in Piggy's spectacles. The spectacles symbolize comfort and dependability due to their fire creating capabilities. Soon power to create fire is prevalent due to the lack of fire making ability of Jack's tribe. Once Jack's tribe takes the glasses the glasses then symbolize a shift in power. A further depiction of object symbolism is noted in the appearance of the naval officer toward the end of the novel. The officer symbolizes home, but the symbol is ironic in the fact that the officer is taking the boys from a wa...

Effectiveness and coherence in the EU legal order would be better Essay

Effectiveness and coherence in the EU legal order would be better served if provisions in directives were deemed capable of horizontal direct effect - Essay Example This case highlighted that horizontal direct effect is concerned with the relationship of individuals and companies whereas vertical direct effect is concerned with the state’s obligation to ensure its observance and its compatibility with national law thereby allowing actions against the state. (Craig and de Burca, 2003) Directives generally do not have horizontal effect and are usually only enforceable against the state. It was noted in Courage Ltd v Crehan (Case c-453/99) that regulations can have horizontal direct effect. Directives are instructions issued through the EU that specify the result that is to be achieved by the implementation of the Directive. Governments can implement the directive in any manner they choose so long as the end result embodies the spirit of the directive. As directives only specify the expected result they cannot have direct effect. Directives do no create rights. (Craig and de Burca, 2003) There are some occasions where the courts have given direct effect to a directive such as in the case of Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein (Case 9/70) [1970] ECR 825 which was involved with VAT. In this case the European Court of Justice made the ruling that a directive and a decision could have direct effect if they imposed an obligation to achieve a required result. In order for someone to rely on the directives the government’s have to ensure that the directive has been implemented. In cases where the implementation of the directive has passed and the government has not implemented it the courts will have to decide whether the claimant can still rely on the directive. In Pubblico Ministero v. Ratti (Case 148/78) [1979] ECR 1629 the defendant had violated an Italian law in order to comply with an EEC directive on product packaging. The Italian government was seeking to prosecute the defendant for breaking the law. The courts stated in this case that the Italian

Transcendentalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Transcendentalism - Essay Example The thesis is that the Transcendentalist tenet of the individual being the center of the cosmos is validated in Waldens Thoreau (Thoreau; Morin; Reuben; Simpson). At the center of Thoreaus philosophy is the assertion that a kind of salvation and bliss could be found only if men followed their own genius and went their own way, in a shout out to individuality and the power that resides in the individual to determine his own happiness, outside of the conventions of society and of a religious organization. Indeed, in Thoreau it seems clear that within the individual resides a faculty to make his own way. He makes this clear in the way he likens an inner inspiration to an inner drumbeat, that some people more than others are better able to hear and to follow, against the tide of human society. Thoreau says of this thus, that if an individual does not go with what the rest of society is doing, pursuing an enterprise of seeming urgent importance, why should society then pressure that man to comform? That mans inner disposition is to be respected, because he may be following an inner music or following the prodding of an internal beat: â€Å"Why sh ould we be in such desperate haste to succeed and in such desperate enterprises? If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer† (Thoreau 245). This passage demonstrates the tenet of the individual as the spiritual center of the cosmos. Here Thoreau hints at a reality that is accessible to every individual, that is sometimes at odds with the reality of convention and the demands of society. In this passage Thoreau is saying that reality is not something that is the same for all, and that sometimes society may be clueless and running blind even in pursuit of this project or that, when inspiration for a truer work lies within. In this way Thoreaus work makes explicit reference and

Basics of collective bargaining and its effects within globalisation

Basics of collective bargaining and its effects within globalisation a. What may McDonalds have considered in order to establish their approaches to collective bargaining in both Germany and the UK? To answer the above question we first need to know about basics of collective bargaining where Collective Bargaining is defined as the process of turning disagreements into agreements in an orderly fashion. Collective bargaining is the process followed to establish a mutually agreed set of rules and decisions between unions and employers for matters relating to employment. This is a regulating process dealing with the regulation of management and conditions of employment. Collective bargaining is used as the negotiation process between employees and employers with unions acting as the representatives of employees. The entire process depends on the bargaining powers of the concerned parties. The process of collective bargaining is to settles down any conflicts regarding the conditions of employment such as wages, working hours and conditions, overtime payments, holidays, vacations, benefits, insurance benefits etc. and management regulations. Players involved in collective bargaining: Employees Management Corporate organization Unions In line with the above definition McDonalds may have considered the approach and settings of collective bargains as an important issue of employee relations. The German setting and approach McDonalds may have considered establishing their approaches to collective bargaining in Germany: The traditional collective approach to Employee Relations (ER) in German companies is deeply rooted in the particular configuration of the German Industrial Relations (IR) system. This is characterized by a high degree of regulation and a dense, encompassing institutional infrastructure that imposes a uniform set of institutional constraints on companies, but at the same time provides incentives for employers to accept institutional constraints (Lane, 1995; Soskice, 1994). McDonalds, to establish its approaches to collective bargaining this ER and IR framework may have been considered in first instance. In addition, the institutional structure is highly integrated with strong linkages, not only within the IR system, but also to the wider German businesses system. Key elements of the German model, to which the majority of German companies subscribe, are the centrally co-ordinated sector based collective bargaining system and employee representation at domestic level via the works coun cil system equipped with statutory participation and consultation rights. Food industry in Germany is not beyond this mechanism where McDonalds considerations regarding collective bargaining approach must have encompassed with statutory participation and employee consultation and codetermination rights. Indeed, German employers have to negotiate a densely structured institutional framework inside and outside the company level. The German approach to collective bargaining is also underwritten by strong labor market legislation and an elaborate welfare system. Despite growing interest in individual bargaining style direct employee involvement mechanisms, their uptake has so far been comparably modest in German companies (Sperling, 1997). Because of the wide ranging rights of information, consultation and co-determination in the German food industry, the use of individual voice mechanisms is relatively unimportant in the German setting where collective bargaining still has the paramount influence. Therefore, in the international context, McDonalds may have considered a propensity to support a collective approach to ER in their international operations by recognizing trade unions, engaging in collective bargaining and establishing strong workplace level employee representation systems. Nevertheless, the twin pressures arising for subsidiaries of McDonalds in Germany from heightened international competition and reunification, which have led to a tendency to erode some of the elements in the German system. As employers McDonalds may have considered demanding for a more flexible, deregulated and decentralized IR system, especially in relation to collective bargaining. It seems to have gradually weakened the consensus on the benefits of the traditional collective ER approach. Throughout the 1990s, a process of incremental internal reforms to the system has progressively broadened the scope for flexibility and strategic choice in companies. Yet, this has so far been accommodated within the parameters of the flexible adaptation potential of the current system in the form of regulated flexibility and centrally co-ordinated decentralisation, pointing to a path dependent trajectory of change. Emerging ER in German companies may perhaps be described as a flexible collective approach to ER. However, it seems not entirely clear at this particular juncture whether the growing pressures of international competition can be arrested in the future within the current system by the process of negotiated and consensual reforms, or whether these pressures will lead to the disintegration of the German model. In the latter case, the possible future ER approach in German companies could than no longer be described as flexible collectivism but may move towards the individualistic Anglo-Saxon approach. Indeed, trade unions and employers associations are already losing members, which starts to challenge the traditional structure of the organisational foundations of collective bargaining and hampers the achievement of unified strategies. Despite the recent reforms, there has also been a growing incidence of disorganised decentralisation, whereby employers tend to ignore the terms of collective agreements frequently in co-operation with works councils (often as a quid pro quo for safeguarding jobs). They establish pay provisions and working time arrangements which violate the collective accords, thereby contesting the adaptation potential of the system. Large German companies increasingly tend t o insert the strategic use of DFI and the threat of locational flexibility into their negotiations with works councils to secure such deals. As one of the major employers in German food industry McDonalds may have considered the above set of changing conditions. The UK Setting and the UK Approach to Employee Relations In contrast to Germany, the contemporary British system of collective bargaining is characterized by a weak regulatory framework and a thin, fragmented institutional infrastructure, which imposes relatively few barriers and constraints on labour relations practices. The fragmentation of the institutional structure goes hand in hand with weak linkages both within the IR system and in connection to the wider national business system which obviously includes food industry in the UK. Because of the relative permissiveness of the contemporary IR context, the UK seems to be a particularly suitable country for McDonalds, as subsidiary, to explore the country of origin effect in international operations, since home country approaches to ER can be transferred relatively unconstrained by host country institutional arrangements. However, to uncover the existence of possible ownership effects it is necessary to establish the differential space between the home and the host country ER approaches. Contrary to the German experience, no distinct stereotypical UK ER approach can be identified. Traditionally the cornerstone of labor relations was the pluralist workplace industrial rela tions system, which subsequently collapsed in the 1980s in the wake of the neo-liberal labor market policies under the Thatcher government. These reforms are most important issue to be considered in establishing collective bargaining approaches in the UK which have encouraged employers to dispense with collective labour relations and to individualise ER along the lines of US style HRM by end of the 1990s a collective approach to ER is no longer representative of the economy as a whole, but is increasingly confined to the public sector and a dwindling minority of private sector companies. In the private sector, trade union recognition collapsed throughout the 1980s and 1990s and with it the incidence of workplace level trade union representatives. The institution of collective bargaining dramatically declined. By 1998, two-thirds of private sector employees had their pay fixed by management decision without any union involvement. Non-union channels of interest representation, such as staff representatives of joint consultative committees (JCCs) (the weaker version of the German works councils), are relatively rare and also in decline. They have not filled the vacuum left by the dramatic decrease in union recognition and workplace level union representatives. There is large and growing representation gap in the UK and an absence of any kind of collective voice mechanism in the majority of firms. In those firms where a collective approach to ER still occurs, it takes place within a changed power balance between employers and collective labor actors and on a decentralized basis. With the retreat of the collective ER approach there has been much discussion and expectation that HRM style direct ER may become a major feature of British ER. Although direct employee involvement methods have become increasingly common among UK workplaces, various studies point to a rather ad hoc and sporadic adoption of such practices. Companies with comprehensive HRM involvement packag es are far from the norm. Furthermore, a large percentage of them tend to be firms with trade-union recognition (WERS 1998). The combination of the low incidence of a collective approach of ER and the high incidence of comprehensive HRM style employee involvement schemes found in firms with a collective ER approach, indicates that many companies have not developed a coherent alternative approach to collective labour relations, other than the unfettered reign of the management prerogative. Here, employees are neither represented by collective voice mechanisms, nor do they enjoy a comprehensive individual voice mechanism. In case of establishing McDonalds may have considered those conditions and changing mechanisms to establish their approaches to collective bargaining efficiently. National Legislation: National legislation must have been considered by the McDonalds in establishing their approached towards collective bargaining within the industry both in UK and Germany. In the UK legislation there is no specific preference regarding the mode of employee or industrial relationship for MNEs like McDonalds. So McDonalds is well known as anti-union giant in the UK and their approach towards collective bargaining is strictly negative. In Germany on the other hand, has a highly regulated industrial relations system which, in theory at least, provides considerable constraints on the employee relations practices of MNEs. As a result McDonald had to thing the statutory bindings and regulations constraints regarding approaches to collective bargaining. Codetermination and collective bargaining rights The McDonalds in case of both Germany and UK has considered these rights as a different approach. German workers enjoy a dual system of representation, collective bargaining rights and co-determination rights through the institution of the works council and the supervisory board. Together with codetermination and collective bargaining rights, these legally enforceable and constituted rights appear to provide German employees with significant power resources compared to UK employees. So McDonalds must have considered the issues of the both rights of the employees before establishing their bargaining approach. Size of Franchise: The McDonalds corporation established itself in the UK in 1974, in Germany in 1971. The corporation currently has well over 800 stores in Germany amongst approximately 65% outlets are franchisee where in there are a similar number of stores in the UK with some 20% franchisee with approximately 45,000 employees in each country. In this case being a fast-food market leader in both countries McDonalds have considered the size of franchise. The franchise aspect influence collective bargaining issues through local entity and regulations involvement. So size of franchise is also a factor that may have been considered. Unioin Membership: McDonald also may have considered Union membership. German unions are arguably better organized and have retained a position of relative strength compared to those in the UK. Union membership at McDonalds in Germany and in the German fast-food industry is very small at around 5 per cent. However, these low percentages are still higher than the percentage of union membership at McDonalds and the fast-food industry in the UK. So this issue is an important consideration in establishing Macdonalds collective bargaining approach. The increasingly anti-union climate: The increasingly anti-union climate in the 80s and early 90s has encouraged Macdonalds in the UK to withhold or withdraw union recognition, and discouraged employees from joining unions and posed difficulties for recruitment. In Germany, union membership remains at around 5 per cent at McDonalds. The findings suggest that it is only where a works council has been established where still there is better union practice than the UK. So this consideration may have been involved in planning McDonalds approach towards collective bargaining. Characteristics of Workforce and Nature of the industry: McDonalds have considered both the factors in case of both countries to design its approach towards collective bargaining. Redundancy and employee apathy: Redundancy and employee apathy amongst part-time, temporary, foreign or young workers undoubtedly play an important role in the low or non-existent levels of union membership. So this factor may have been considered in both UK and Germany. Strong corporate culture: Strong corporate cultures are seen as instilling appropriate behaviors and. This is essentially what is argued here with regard to the non-union approach of McDonalds in both the countries. McDonalds Anti-union belief: McDonalds is basically a non-union company and intends to stay that way. About unionization in the UK once McDonalds stated thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. unionization has risen its ugly head over the years, but you know, we feel that we offer a good deal to people, all kinds of ways in which we can communicate, so that if there was a problem they can bring it to management, we feel that we dont need unions. But in Germany McDonalds never been outspoken like in UK about union. Public image Macdonalds has a big public image and brand reputation which may have been considered both in the UK and Germany to establish collective bargaining approaches. Employer Associations Employer associations in Germany are stronger than UK. So the MsDonaldS approach in the UK is different from that of Germany. b. How may McDonalds have considered individual bargaining as an alternative or additional approach in both Germany and the UK? What benefits and/or problems may this have brought in both countries? Individual bargaining: Individual bargaining is the process by which an employer and an employee negotiate an ndividual contract of employment, regulating the terms and conditions of employment. Differing Approaches to Employee Relations at the Collective and Individual Level: Managing the relationships between employees and employers grows more complex and more critical every year. You need a strong relationship between employers and employees to navigate the human resource minefields of sexual harassment, employee threats of violence, equal employment opportunity, executive compensation, plant closing and relocations, and downsizing and workforce restructuring. Basically, employees have a relationship with their employer/s, and the success of this relationship influences the success of the company. Collective and Individual relations refers to two of the main types of relationship between the two parties. Individual Bargaining: Advantages The main advantage of individual bargaining is it is a single voice and thus there is no conflict in matters Another advantage of individual bargaining is that it expresses the views and opinions of one person and thus there is no compromising Individual Bargaining: Disadvantages The main disadvantage of individual bargaining is that the manager will not take a lot of notice of just one persons views or opinions and therefore nothing will happen Thus there is not a lot of chance that individual bargaining will have an influence on company decisions and policies. Collective Bargaining: Advantages The main advantage of collective bargaining is that the manager will not take a great deal of time in deciding on what action to take on an individual level. The employees have greater influence in the final decision the manager will take. There is also a chance of the employees getting what they demand. Collective Bargaining: Disadvantages The main disadvantage of collective bargaining is that it is seen as depriving the individual worker of their individual liberty and voice. The major changes in the industrial relations in UK i.e. a shift away from collective bargaining towards individual argaining were in the favour of McDonalds own strategy. The turn down in the union membership in both UK and Germany also helps McDonalds to practice the individual bargaining in their organization. Benefits: Improvement in the relationship of management and workers within the organization as it is evident from the statement of John cooke McDonalds US Labour relations chief as: We feel that we offer a good deal to people, all kinds of ways in which we can communicate, so that if there was a problem they can bring it to management. As employees are generally unaware of their rights they can take advantage of the situation to save their costs. As example is given cleaning of uniforms. And also regarding pay, performance related pay, probation and notice for redundancy, paid leave. Individual workers can never be a threat for McDonalds where there may have a chance in the existence of trade union. Disadvantages: Loss of public image in Germany that subsequently decrease their sale growth in German market. Large compensation need to provide for violating employees rights in different work place. How may the approach to collective bargaining in Germany and the UK influence employee relations for McDonalds internationally? McDonalds opposition to trade unions is now well-documented; however, the extent to which it can operate without unions or can avoid or undermine collective bargaining with unions and/or statutory works councils varies considerably in different countries and over time. Consequently the ability of national unions and their GUFs to improve pay levels and conditions of work has been limited, variable and by no means static. This is nicely illustrated by McDonalds operations in New Zealand where the corporation responded pragmatically to changes in government and labour legislation, excluding unions from and then returning to collective bargaining ahead of law reforms aimed at strengthening unions in 2000, but continued to keep unions out of its restaurants wherever possible. Attempts to regulate McDonalds employment conditions are therefore an ongoing struggle in which without pro-union labour law, unions have little chance of organising workers and even less chance of establishing collective agreements. This may come as no surprise in countries such as the and Ireland where unions have had either no success or short-lived successes in gaining union recognition only to be denied before collective agreements can be established or enforced. However, even unions located in countries with more stringent labour legislation (e.g. Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Germany, Sweden and Norway) have had varying success in achieving some improvements in employee representation, pay and conditions of work and even where improvements have been achieved they are often under threat. Union attempts to increase the number of union-backed works councils and establish a company-level works council (Gesamtbetriebsrat) have completely failed, resulting from a number of sophisticated union-busting practices. Furthermore, despite some success in persuading McDonalds to accept collective bargaining in Germany in the late 1980s, McDonalds withdrew from collective bargaining in 2002 and has threatened to deal exclusively with a yellow union. In Denmark, where average union membership is much higher than Germany and labour law is equally stringent, McDonalds only agreed to bargain collectively after a year of conflict and boycotts involving other Danish unions and support from Finnish and Swedish unions in the late 1980s. McDonalds has tried to roll-back the basic terms of such agreements ever since. Nevertheless, in Sweden, Norway and Denmark, McDonalds workers do enjoy better conditions of work and higher pay than in other European countries and the USA itself. However, even in those countries it is very difficult to establish union representatives in the outlets, something which experience shows is essential if such collective agreements are to be properly enforced in. Despite these difficulties European unions have undoubtedly had some success in bringing McDonalds to the bargaining table, especially where sector-level bargaining is in effect compulsory and where labour law is more stringent and supportive of union rights and collective bargaining. What additional or alternative methods could support good employee relations for McDonalds? Consider the role an HR function could take? The HRM approach to employee relations can be described in terms of several prescriptions. An HRM model for employee relations focuses on a drive for commitment meaning that the focus of the organisation should be to win the trust, motivation and commitment to the organisation, participating in its development opportunities. Emphasis is on mutuality, meaning that employees share common goals, the vision and mission of the organisation. Communication within the organisation follows an established set of procedures that are agreed formally or informally and may include briefings, meetings with representatives, etc. HRM emphasises the shift from collective bargaining to individual contracts. Employee involvement is fostered and a number of techniques and approaches are followed to support their involvement. Total quality management aims at continuous improvement of quality. Another initiative is flexible working arrangements and focus on the life-work balance through harmonisation of conditions for all employees. Finally the support of employee communities of practice and team spirit are of high priority. Employee relations describe as in terms employee communication, employee involvement, employee rights and employee discipline. Armstrong has identified the elements of employee relations as follows: Formal and informal policies and practices of the organisation. The development, negotiation and application of formal systems, rules and procedures for collective bargaining, handling disputes and regulating employment. Policies and practices for employee communications. Informal and formal process regulating the interactions between managers and employees. Policies of the government, management and trade unions. A number of parties including state, management, organisations, trade unions, employees, etc. The legal framework. Institutions (e.g. ACAS) and the employment tribunals. The bargaining structures, recognition and procedural agreements enabling the formal system to operate. Employee relations processes Figure Reconciliation of interests between employers and employees According to the Industrial Relations Services there are four approaches to employee relations, namely: Adversarial meaning that employees are expected to follow the targets identified by the organisation. Traditional meaning that employees react on management proposals and directives. Partnership meaning that employees are involved in assisting the organisation and consensus is reached in decision making related to policies. Power sharing employees are involved also in daily management apart from policy making. Employee relations policies act to disseminate its preferred approach with respect to the relationship it wants to have with its employees and the empowerment of employees for certain activities. Employee relation policies cover several areas, including: Trade union recognition meaning decisions with respect to the recognition or derecognition of certain unions and preferences of the unions the organisation prefers to deal with. Collective bargaining meaning the identification of those areas that should be covered from such a negotiation. Employee relations procedures meaning procedures such as redundancy, grievance handling and disciplinary actions. Participation and involvement meaning the extent to which the organisation shares power and control with its employees. Partnership meaning the extent to which a partnership with employees is desirable. The employment relationship meaning the extent to which employment terms and conditions are controlled by collective agreements or individual contracts. Harmonisation meaning the harmonisation of terms and conditions of employment arrangements. Working arrangements meaning the extent to which unions are involved in the determination of working arrangements. Employee involvement is central to employee relations as Bratton and Gold discuss. Employee involvement can be described in terms of the form of involvement (whether it is formal or informal), the level of involvement in the organisational hierarchy and the degree of involvement. Across these three employee involvement dimensions several types of involvement can be rated from the lower ones in terms of empowerment, involvement and organisational level to the higher ones. The following situations are ranked in an ascending order in terms of all three dimensions of employee involvement: Communication -> Financial Involvement -> Problem solving groups -> Quality circles -> Cross functional teams -> Self directed teams -> Collective bargaining -> Worker directors -> Works councils. Employee involvement can be described as an involvement-commitment cycle, a communication cycle that builds an internal culture encouraging initiative, learning and creativity. The cycle consists of the following stages: Managers perceive the need for involving employees in decision making Introduce new forms, employee involvement and open communication mechanisms Greater autonomy and input into decision making Increased employee job satisfaction, motivation and commitment Improved individual and organisational performance. As a group of HR practitioners discuss different approaches to industrial relations and identify which one would be most suitable for an organisation that must resort to significant redundancies in order to survive an economic crisis and new entrants in its industry sector.