Organizational Behavior-Communication Essay

1. Present which channels of communications should be emphasized and how these channels will be used to ensure that the traditional departments (e.g., IT, human resources, customer service, and sales) at SWC headquarters have necessary accurate and timely information. Communication in an organization or company is very important in achieving goals and objectives. It is oftentimes used in relaying information, messages and issues that concern the success of a company or organization. It is the medium used by most of the high ranking officials and members to have an organized and timely delivery of information in every office or department for instance. Various types of communication or channels had been used. These communication channels are used by the companies to convey and interact well with the employees in order to improve and attain growth of the organization. There are two types of channels—indirect and direct communication. Indirect communication is used when the interaction is not face-to-face. It uses medium such as different types of technologies like computers, monitors and among others. The most common type of indirect communication is the teleconferencing.   On the other hand, direct communication is a face-to-face type of communication. This is common when all of the members of the team are present in just one area. 2. Which channels will be key to those work teams with all members located within headquarters? In the case of SWC, all of the members of the team are within the headquarters, it is best to use direct communication. In relaying this message , a memo can be sent to the members of the team to inform them of the activity that will be done within the headquarters. It is a common knowledge that doing a meeting or gathering within a certain place when all of the people are present, it is best to employ the direct communication. If the head of the department do not have the time to write a memo the most common thing done is to send an email to the members stating the information and issues that should be discussed and later on meet face-to-face with the members. It is not advisable that the leader will just send an email to all the members even if all are present within one area. On the other hand, an email might be good to relay the information fast and easy but still it connotes something to the members. The members might think that the leader of the team is not interested in talking with them. So, there are also strengths and weaknesses of these channels. But in this case, a good leader nurtures a relationship with the members through constant socialization, constant talking with them and assuring that the company is still wants them and will be like a friend that whenever the company decides to change leadership and people the members will be the first to know. It is showing of sincerity with the members of the team. In a study done by the Harvard business school, they projected what a good manager is. They found out that the effective manager spends more than 80 percent of their time in interacting with their personnel and staff. Furthermore, their study said that interaction and conversations within the working area is important in leading a company or organization. It is human capital and social capital that is working in order to achieve and create what the company wants such as increasing productivity while enhancing innovation. In another research done by Ron Burt from the University of Chicago, a leading researcher on the social capital of managers has found, through numerous studies, that certain patterns of connections that individuals build with others brings them higher pay, earlier promotions, greater influence, better ideas and overall greater career success. Burt believes that good social capital provides a much higher return on investment in human capital – the two work toge ther. (Krebs, 2005) In another research done at the Norwegian school of economics, a manager or team leader with a better social networking were more productive since they are sincere with their work, they can easily coordinate with the members without hesitation and coordinate tasks in order to finish a certain project and accomplish the goals and objectives of the project (Krebs, 2005). 3. We may have virtual self-managed teams with members located in different parts of the world. The members have yet to meet each other. These teams are each focusing on designing and delivering specific products to certain customers by designated dates. On the other hand, while face-to-face interaction is important in achieving productivity the introduction of various technologies cannot be ignored. Some of the teams of SWC are located in various areas where there is difficulty of meeting face-to-face. In this kind of interaction, teleconferencing has been used by many organizations and companies in order to hold a meeting or to discuss an issue that concerns the company. Also, one of the successful interactions is through networking. This technology helps individuals communicate with each other even if it is across the world. It is a laborious and costly though but once it is set up many of the staff outside the headquarters will benefit from it. From this networking there will be better information flow and exchange of communication among the team members(Lussier, 2005) If SWC were to consider the virtual self-managed teams, below are some key areas that would be evaluated. A virtual self-managed team has been around the globe today. It is used by the outsourcing companies such as call centers, medical transcriptionist, and even tutorials online. Through the introduction of the technology people have embraced this and been nurturing and disseminating it to the others. But before going into a deeper context of the virtual self-managed team, a creation of this team is very important such as choosing the right person to manage and disseminate information. There are a lot of criteria in choosing the person. One of this is the knowledge and skills on the technology that will be used in the entire implementation of the project or program. Individuals who are adept with various types of technologies and willing to be trained again and again just to ensure that there will be no problems later on in the implementation.   Individuals who have lots of connections and networks that can assist them with their problems in terms of technology. Individuals who are willing to share later on their knowledge and not be tacit about the new information and studies so that there will be transfer of skills., and someone that cannot only design programs but can facilitate information flow and sharing of knowledge. a. What communication channel(s) would you recommend for the initial meeting? For the initial meeting of the team, it would be best that is done face-to-face. This is the first meeting so it should build rapport with each other. Even if there are the use of technologies later on, at least during the initial meeting and introduction of each other there already a communication among them. b. What communication channel(s) would you recommend as key interactions (you are not limited to those channels listed in the exhibit)? Later on, after the initial meeting the team can discuss issues through teleconferencing, phone calls, chat messengers and among others that might not require the presence of each other and spend costly fares just to be in one place. Organization of the issues beforehand is also important because this will identify how urgent the meeting should be or is it just one of the meetings and phone calls would be enough. c. Explain how these teams will meet the challenges of each of the stages of group/team development. Engaging in this kind of set-up, virtual self-managed team, is difficult to maintain though. It will require energy because this does not only entail communication but it also needs feedback and learning (source) among the team members. In order to meet these challenges there should be a constant communication even it is called â€Å"virtual† because through this monitoring can be done as well as learning along the way. d. What challenges does diversity present? What must be done to meet these challenges? Diversity in people is very challenging. Every person has its own personality, culture and attitude. Constant learning through trainings can be a good answer to it. e. From a communications point of view, what are the advantages and what are the disadvantages of virtual self-managed-teams? Virtual self-managed team is cost-effective. The only costs that will be incurred are the gadgets that will be used during the networking and conferencing. It can also be done anywhere and anytime of the day. Just put the set up and voila there will be a meeting in the middle of beach. On the other hand, it has also disadvantages. Since it will not require the presence of the person it does not nurture a relationship and does not build rapport among the team. Oftentimes than not, the reaction and the feelings will be not be felt if it is only in the monitor or phone calls. Conversations can be faked and might build walls.

Critical Lens Essay Quote Essay

Nicholas Cage once said that, â€Å"I like flawed characters because somewhere in them I see more of the truth.† This quotes means that characters are much more unrealistic when they are perfect. Characters with flaws give the reader a more accurate view of humanity because all people have flaws. The short story â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† by James Hurst and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe are two works of literature that support this quote. In both of these works, it is evident that the two main characters from both stories both have very tragic flaws. These make the story more interesting to read because after reading it reveals the true nature of mankind. â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† by James Hurst shows that the narrator of the story has tragic flaws and being embarrassed of his disabled brother so he teaches him to walk. This short story is about the narrator trying to teach his disabled brother Doodle to walk because he is embarrassed to be related to someone who cannot walk. The narrator eventually strains his brother to do more than walking. This short story supports the quote because the narrator is taking pride into training his little brother to walk because he is embarrassed to have a brother who can’t walk. The narrator pushes his brother into using his legs and walk. In the story it switches from person to person from person to self. The author’s use of Characterization and conflict help to set the mood of the story. These literary elements help set the mood of the story which makes it more interesting to read as well as showing we can get too much pride over something. In conclusion an imperfect narrator or one with tragic flaws makes the story more interesting to the reader. It also reveals truth that people do not think of the consequences of what they are doing. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allen Poe shows that the narrator of the story wants to finally get his revenge on a man who has pride in his wine. This short story is about a man who wants to seek revenge on his friend Fortunato because of his great pride in wine. This short story supports the quote â€Å"I like flawed characters because somewhere in them I see more of the truth.† Because the narrator of the story wants to seek revenge on a man  named Fortunato by using reverse psychology to get his drunk and then murdering him. Everything in the story was planned by the narrator. The author’s use of setting and suspense helped the reader feel like they were in the story as well as makes it more interesting and reveals the truth that all humans are all revengeful at some point. In conclusion the narrator of this story is imperfect which makes this story more interesting. In conclusion, the quote by Nicolas Cage â€Å" I like flawed characters because somewhere in them I see more of the truth.† means that characters are more realistic when they are not perfect. The titles â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† and â€Å"The cask of Amontillado† both support this idea. â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† supports this quote because the narrator of the story is embarrassed to be with his brother Doodle because he is unable to walk. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† also supports this quote because the narrator of the story is imperfect because he is using reverse psychology to kill the man named Fortunato. This issue can connect to the real world because not only are characters from stories imperfect but people are also imperfect and have many flaws which is what makes us human beings.

Impact of External Environment to Business in China Essay

Introduction Nowadays, China is experiencing a rapid economic growth. By following the end of the eleventh National People’s Congress of People’s Republic of China recently, China is emphasizing to develop seven new strategic industries with the release of the Twelfth Five-Year Program. As China is achieving a low carbon economy, thus one of the new strategic industry, new energy is essential to the success of achieving the goal. Biomass energy is one of the new energy which generates electricity and biodiesel by burning agricultural straw, fruit, wood and animals waste (1). The following will be the analysis of Macro-environments for the China Light and Power Company Limited to enter the China market, and suggestions will be given at the end of the analysis. Company Background Champway Technology Limited is the only company who possesses an ‘Environmental Permit’ to recycle waste cooking oil in Hong Kong. Its primary objective is to recycle all local waste cooking oil and organic oil and grease into biodiesel. It contribute to save the environment by aiming at recycling all waste cooking oil in Hong Kong and stem the trend of re-using waste oil on the dinner table. It also committed to produce high quality biodiesel which is a clean and efficient fuel by using the collected waste oil (2). Macro-environment As China is a highly distinctive market, once foreign-invested enterprises want to enter the China market, there must be difficulties to be faced. However, there are still some favorable factors while they are entering such market, and they will be analyzed as follows. There are four macro-environments for Champway to enter the China market. Firstly, the Champway may benefit from the political and legal environment of China. During the release of the seven new strategic industries in the Twelfth Five-Year Program, the central government has put so much emphasis on the development of new energy, especially the development of biomass energy (3). Also, the State Forestry Administration has decided to reserve two hundred million acreage of forest land, for cultivating the plants that specifically for the extraction of biodiesel (4). As a result, the operation of Champway in China can benefit from the strong support and back up by the central government when entering the China marketing with biomass energy. Secondly, the Champway may benefit from the economic environment of China. As mentioned, China is experiencing a rapid economic growth with a GPD growth of 10.3 percent in January of 2011 (5). At the same time, Renminbi keeps appreciating against US dollar and Hong Kong dollar (6). As a result, the Champway may benefit from appreciating Renminbi, since Champway is operating business and selling energy for Renminbi in China. So the actual value of the profit gained is also appreciating. Moreover, refer to a speech of the Labor Department, the number of people seeking unemployment benefits rose by 26,000 to a seasonally adjusted 397,000 recently (7). This implies that the unemployment rate in China is rising. Thus Champway can also benefit from this circumstance as it can hire sufficient work people for their operation in China. Thirdly, the Champway may benefit from the social environment of China. As people in mainland China become more educated and more environmental conscious (8). They are more likely to support products with environmental friendly features like biodiesel. As a result, the Champway may catch this opportunity to market biodiesel and benefit from the increasing demand for biodiesel. Fourthly, the Champway may benefit from the ecological environment. China is rich in raw materials. However, most of them are not explicated yet (9). With a great depletion of raw material, it is insufficient to support the energy consumption of about 1.3 billion population. As a result, biodiesel is acting as a perfect substitute of raw materials like petroleum. So Champway may take the chance to market biodiesel and benefit from the great demand it. Difficulty As mentioned, there must be some difficulties when entering such distinctive market. So here is the discussion of those difficulties. There are four difficulties to be faced when the Champway is entering the China market. Firstly, the Champway has to face an unfavorable political and legal factor. As the central government is deciding to even the income distribution in China, a new labor protection policy of minimum wage will be established (10). This policy will increase the wage level of workers. As a result, it is unfavorable to Champway, since Champway has to hire a great number of workers for building and operating the facilities of energy generation in China, and the increased wage level of workers may leads to an increase in the operation cost. So it is more difficult for Champway to survive in this sector. Secondly, the Champway has to face an unfavorable economic factor. As the increasing popularity of biomass energy in China, agricultural product will become more valuable, since agricultural product is one of the inputs of biomass energy generation. Also, the market price of agricultural product has increased due to the inflation. As a result, the operation cost for Champway to run the business in China increases and it may be difficult for Champway to survive with this industry in China. Thirdly, the Champway has to face an unfavorable social factor. Although the central government has emphasized to develop biomass energy, there is still no clear and definite guideline for supply of input and quality standard (11). Also, there is an unethical business culture exists in the China society due to the lack of well education. As a result, there is a disorder in the biodiesel market. People are pretending the original biodiesel with a fake one (11). This phenomenon may create an unhealthy image for the industry and the industry will be negatively affected. Fourthly, the Champway has to face an unfavorable ecological factor. China is one of the most suffered countries in terms of natural disaster. According to the statistical figure from the United Nations, in the year 2008, China has the world greatest loss of 110 billion due to natural disasters, which is 60 % of the loss of the whole world (12). So there is a frequent lost of agriculture exists. As a result, there will be an unstable supply of input for the biomass energy generation, and the company may unable to survive in China market with this industry. Suggestion After the discussion of the unfavorable factors for Champway to enter the China market, some suggestions will be given to overcome the difficulties as follows. Here are three suggestions that Champway can apply to overcome those difficulties. Firstly, in order to overcome the unfavorable minimum wage and increasing market price of agricultural product, Champway is recommended to enter the China market through equity joint venture with a greatly financed or a state-owned biomass energy company like the Everbright International (13). So that it can spread and share the costs and risks with its partner. As a result, the difficulty of high operation cost can be overcome. Secondly, in order to overcome the unfavorable counterfeit, Champway is recommended to deal with the problem with a well designed distribution and place of the biodiesel. The company can develop and sell its original biodiesel through biodiesel filling station or biodiesel specialty store. So that people can easily recognize the genuine one and avoid buying the fake. This action can improve the company image by building confidence for customer to consume our product. Thirdly, in order to overcome the unfavorable unstable supply of biomass. Champway is recommended to deal with the problem with the use of multiple suppliers from different region in China. Since China is a huge land, natural disasters often occur only in a particular area. So by using multiple suppliers from different region, the company can immediately seek for supplies from other suppliers in other region, when some of them are unable to supply the company due to natural disaster. Conclusion To concluded that, Champway can benefit from four macro-environments when entering the China market. They are political-legal environment, which is the support and back up by the central government; economic environment, which is the appreciation of Renminbi and the large supply of labor; social environment, which is the increasing environmental consciousness; and ecological environment, which is the great depletion of raw material and the great demand for substitutes. However, Champway has to face four difficulties too. They are the minimum wage, the increasing market price of agricultural product, the counterfeit biodiesel and the unstable supply of biomass due to natural disasters. In order to overcome the four difficulties, three suggestions are given as the solution. They are the use of joint venture, the development of biodiesel filling station and biodiesel specialty store, and the use of multiple suppliers from different region.

Postnatal Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Postnatal Depression - Essay Example Single parentism or inadequate social support increases the burden to be borne by mothers in terms of their own health as well as monetary risks. Such a condition automatically causes mothers to show lesser positive, sensitive and responsiveness towards their babies. They develop more negative emotions and in worst cases thoughts of harming the children also persist. To conclude mothers with financial problems and lack of social security show greater tendency to develop PPD indicating that PPD is not a mental illness. The maternal mood is assessed using Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)-- the higher scaling indicating PPD as maximum and less scaling indicating minimum range. Women with PPD exhibit inconsistent child caring attitudes resulting in poor coping strategies (Murray and Cooper 1997). PPD women less likely respond to the sickness or necessities of the infant, or persuade the child with eating habits, less interest in breast feeding/healthy feeding or sleeping habits of their infants. This care less attitude with less sensitive and less positive interactions act as potential impedance in building a strong mutual emotional bond between the parents and the infant coupled with poor infant health and slowed physical growth like low birth weight. According to Murray (1992) PPD itself influences all dimensions of the mother's life. It is known to affect mother's physical functioning, physical role, mental health, emotional role, social functioning, vitality, and also her general health. To conclude the PPD mothers are not fully equipped in providing justice to parenthood of a new born. Under such circumstances fathers have a vital role to play where h is presence probably buffering the situation tries to compensates the mother-infant relationship strained by PPD, establishing a joyful and affectionate bond with secured child-father attachment. However much studies and investigation in knowing about father-infant relationship is much under due. Effects of PPD on infants The intensity of PPD depends on its severity and duration. The recent psychiatric studies have revealed that young children are sensitive to their parent's affection and their parental attachment depends on their past intimacy. Hence apart from the genetics, personal interaction between the parent-child, play a major role in the psychological outcome of the child where infants at their young age adapt and respond well to their parents behaviors and interactions. Tests conducted have shown that boy babies are more sensitive to PPD impacts in comparison with girl babies and this vulnerability continues with time. According to Rutter (1989) the impact of PPD on infants could be i) It could shed direct deleterious effects on the child ii) indirect impact through interpersonal behavior in general and in parenting in particular iii) Through social adversity associated with psychiatric

Global Financial Stability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Financial Stability - Essay Example When the FED raises interest rates the value of the dollar tends to go up. â€Å"An increase in the foreign exchange value of the dollar, in turn, would raise the price in foreign cur ­rency of U.S. goods traded on world markets and lower the dollar price of goods imported into the United States† (Federalreserve) The growth of the U.S banking industry oversees has been significant since the 1950’s. In 1950 there were seven U.S. banks operating oversees with 126 branches; by 1976 the U.S. had 731 branches abroad (Fieleke). In 1978 the value of the total assets of U.S. banks oversee had reach $306 billion which is nearly 100 times higher than its asset balance 20 years earlier. U.S. banks were motivated to expand oversees because the international branches had a higher return on investment than the domestic bank branches. The U.S. banks that operated oversees were able to steal market share from the local banks due to their superior marketing expertise. The balance of p ayments records and tracks all the financial transaction made by consumers, government, and the business community with other nations. It measures the amount of imports that entered the United States territory. The biggest imported of goods in the world is the United States. The reason for this phenomenon is the high gross domestic product per capita of the people and the consumerism culture of American citizens. The United States has taken advantage of its banking industry to generate money oversees. The U.S has also used its power and economic resources to lend money to other countries to help in their development process. The U.S has used its banking industry as a tool to improve its diplomatic relations with many countries. For instance the U.S. controls Panama and the channel since they have provided a lot of the money used for expanding the canal which is extremely important for the trading activity between North and South America. The FDIC was created in 1933 and at the time it guaranteed the client’s money up to $2500. Today the FDIC guarantees deposits up to $250,000. The FDIC insurance was very instrumental in the growth of the banking industry during the past 50 years. Foreigners felt a greater level of security depositing their money in U.S banks because their local banks could not offer the types of guarantees in their deposits that the U.S. banks could due to their FDIC insurance protocol. In the 1980’s approximately 20% of the deposits of U.S. banks came from its international branches. During this decade there were inflationary forces in the U.S economy. At the time the government created The Emergency Credit Control Act which gave the Federal Reserve virtually unlimited powers to alter the nature of financial services available in the economy during emergency periods (Hester). The Reagan Administration did a bad job of controlling interest rates, but his tax cut initiatives during the early part of the 1980’s helped apprec iate the value of the U.S. Dollar in international markets. A lot of restructuring of banks occurred during this era. The United States during the 20th century was the biggest international player in the banking industry. The country’s banking sector aggressively expanding into the foreign territory to take advantage of foreign

To what extent should we widen the agenda of security studies to Essay

To what extent should we widen the agenda of security studies to include issues like the environment, population migration, food security, and the concerns of women (and other groups) - Essay Example Because of the far reaching consequences of such wars, it became increasingly necessary to select less violent means of settling conflict2. The rise of the Cold war however brought along with it a different set of crimes that defined the way in which this war was fought. The primary area of focus for security studies takes organized violence as its focus. It seeks to explore the various mechanisms by which individuals and aggregations of individuals use to undertake organized violent crime in an area. Once these mechanisms have been identified, security studies goes ahead to identify various ways in which the effects of such levels of violence can be mitigated. Accumulation of knowledge is a fundamental means of protecting oneself from organized violent crime. Knowing when criminals will attack and exactly where they will attack is vital knowledge in light of security issues. This knowledge can relate to the type of weapons that they will use their tactics, their use of humans as soft targets and the exact mechanisms by which they derive their motivation to undertake organized violent crime. Security studies also looks into greater fundamental aspects of organized crime at a national level3. The nature of weapons that a country has at its disposal is essential in determining the level of damage that could be caused by a security threat. The study if security studies would not be complete without evaluating the exact means by which war is caused. War is a delicate subject in the security systems of any country. Previously, it was entered into lightly as witnessed by the occurrence of World War I and World War II. However, with the numerous casualties that were experienced as a result of these wars, it became inhuman to the common man for these wars to be supported. In recent times, security studies has faced increasing pressure to investigate other areas of security that had not been the considered a security concern.

Paper on Display Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper on Display - Essay Example From the center, a cloth runs from top to bottom vertically covering almost three-quarters of the black background. The cloth has a mixture of colors and artistic display resembling the feathers of an ostrich.From three-quarter of the height there is a yellow strip running from one side to the other horizontally forming the letter â€Å"X†. The yellow strip is labelled with the words caution and it also runs across the bottom. The yellow strip line is significant as it arouses the curiosity of the onlooker, to have the urge of finding what is happening at that section. On the vertical section, a number of pictures are displayed showing a woman probably â€Å"Madonna† wearing almost similar clothes with the sample cloth shown. At the center, there is a smaller bedroom drawer placed with some of it compartments slightly opened. Hanging from inside the drawer are probably white net-like bras. At the top of the drawer, there is a glass frame that covers a white paper inside with details of the sample items displayed. To the left of the screen there are two black boxes of different sizes the smaller one on top of the bigger one. Two pictures of woman â€Å"black and white† are attached at the sides of the larger box. On top of the larger box a tablet leans on the smaller box in an upright manner. On the tablet display a woman â€Å"Madonna† is seen singing. On top of the lower box a pair of high heeled boots-like ladies shoes are placed on a white cardboard. To the right hand corner of the display, there is a â€Å"lady puppet† position in a half-sitting-standing position. The â€Å"puppet† is dressed with a long black net sleeved blouse. The white net-skirt also barely reaches the knees. On the hands of the â€Å"puppet† there is a silver like bracelet to complement the outfit. On the neck there are various shiny necklaces. However, there is one long necklace with a diamond like structure at its end. There is also a black belt that is tied around the

The Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs on Women in the Essay

The Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs on Women in the Philippines - Essay Example Under the first SAP implemented for the Philippines in 1981, the objective was to reshape a largely protectionist regime under the Marcos dictatorship into an export-led economy through trade and financial liberalization and tight credit policy. However, subsequent events proved the SAP strategy wrong, as evidenced by the depreciation of the Philippine peso by 10 percent in 1983, double-digit inflation and unemployment, declining wages and the unimproved quality of exports due mainly to low production costs and cheap labor. During these years, political opposition to the martial law government of Marcos was escalating, which became a nationwide disturbance when top opposition leader Benigno Aquino was assassinated in 1984 by suspected Marcos hit men. This led to massive capital flight that forced Marcos to call a snap election in 1985, in which the widow of Aquino emerged victorious. As the GDP began to grow by a moderate 5.6 percent under the second IMF-WB program undertaken for the Aquino government (Lim & Montes, 2001), the economy suffered one setback after another as Marcos loyalists held disruptive rallies and renegade soldiers separately staged a series of military coups from 1987 to 1989. This paper examines how SAP failed the Philippines, specifically how and why its required policy reforms marginalized women in the Philippines in terms of meeting their rights to education, health and livelihood. 2. How SAP Worked Against Philippine Women The SAP requirement for an export-led strategy of economic growth created shifts in the use of land and other resources, reorganized production processes, and changed production relations as well as existing social institutions (Sparr, 1994). This was generally how SAP worked to the disadvantage of Philippine women. On land use, for example, one of the main thrusts of SAP is to remove subsidies from agricultural production intended for local consumption and to re-channel the funds instead to the production of cash crops for the export market (Sparr, 1994). Rural women in the Philippines augment the meager income of their farmer-husbands by engaging in the backyard production of crops that can be sold in the local market. Moreover, women share farm work with their men especially in seeding and harvesting. When the incentives for growing crops with a ready market were taken away, the women lost an important source of income to the detriment of her family (Elson, 1995). The problem was that government promoted export production although world prices were extremely low (Lim & Montes, 2001). In the Philippines, land was transferred from the traditional crops of rice and corn to the production of sugar cane, bananas and pineapples with a concomitant increase in the size of holdings and greater mechanization but also a rise in the number of landless households (Elson, 1995). The main result was to further marginalize women in crop production as they are largely excluded from sugar cultivation. Rural women in the Philippines farm for home production and the local markets and rarely is it done for the export

Management and Leadership development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management and Leadership development - Essay Example In almost all firms, the top management is the trend setter and it has to demonstrate a high level of commitment towards the development of a workforce which is flexible, competitive and proactive (Gloet, 2006; Plessis & Beaver, 2010). When a strategic approach of HRM is implemented, it will ensure that HR is the top most priority. HRM is effectively integrated with the company’s strategy, mission/vision and long-term goals (Blackman, O’Flynn & Mishra, 2010; Lengnick-Hall et al., 2009). Strategic HRM is fostering strategic management thinking on all levels. This allows the leaders to be involved in the strategic planning process (Lepak et al., 2006). It is a mechanism employed by leading organisations for developing a workforce plan and determining the priority objectives to be attained. It also focuses on the course of action that can be taken for successful accomplishment of the desired objectives (Jaakson, Tamm & Hammal, 2011; Tahilaramani, 2010; Way & Johnson, 2005). Hence, with proper implementation of Strategic HRM within an organisation, there would be an enhanced and supportive workplace learning environment that can be cultivated. This will ensure that the company has the capability of responding to HR related issues proactively and proficiently (Singh, Darwish & Anderson, 2012). Currently strategic HRM is a major contributing factor in the organisation’s corporate strategy. Therefore, it is imperative for the top management to ensure a proper link between the desired objectives and competency level of the employees (Caliskan, 2010; Way & Johnson, 2005). The main purpose of Strategic HRM is to help the company develop an effective employee or workforce plan. This will assist it in managing the employees effectively (Allen & Wright, 2006; Martin, Gollan & Grigg, 2011). It emphasises the need of coordinating activities at all levels i.e. corporate,

Develop the film Hot Fuzz (Edgar Wright, 2007) Essay - 1

Develop the film Hot Fuzz (Edgar Wright, 2007) - Essay Example While it contains indistinguishable comedic topics, specialized style and funny savagery to its forerunner, Hot Fuzz turns into a more genuine, unique postliminary. Therefore, it is a much more grounded portion that has now turn into a current benchmark in British comic drama. Directed by Edgar Wright, the film expressed the director’s love for the genre of thriller, regretting that in Britain over the last 30 years, they were not there at all. While mocking numerous films inserting allusions to more than fifty film tapes, creators skillfully blended a variety of genres - police thriller, detective, romance, action and comedy. The film is replete with derision of various clichà ©s. This is probably its most important advantage that certainly does not mean that it is the only one, but that is what keeps on all the action and all the dialogue, in addition to the chic of acting without exception. The main characters of Pegg and Frost, the main villain, Timothy Dalton, bad and ironic rural police, the sheriff, the father of the hero Frost, and even the saleswoman colors - all played exactly what was required of them the absurdity of the film. Hot Fuzz rejoined Simon Pegg and the director Edgar Wright in a satire film. Pegg plays straight-bound police officer Nicholas Angel, who is elevated to sergeant and sent from London to the lethargic Gloucestershire town of Sandford in light of the fact that his hard working attitude was showing up whatever is left of the police. The plot is not intended to be bode well. A spate of horrible murders in Sandford is disregarded with the perception that somehow accidents happen. Pegg stars as the protagonist, Nicholas Angel, a London police officer who lives for his employment. He is a thorough and prompt cop, who is great at doing his job - so great indeed that he is making whatever is left of his associates look crude. His bosses who are played by

Hitler Rise of Evil Review Essay Example for Free

Hitler Rise of Evil Review Essay In my opinion, the movie Hitler Rise of Evil was a very informative movie, it was very accurate and gave some great insight to me. I thought the costume design was very accurate and good, as well as the portrayal of the lifestyle of back then. One thing I found with this film is that I found it to be accusative of many people in the film. It makes the whole thing seem as though everyone was completely brainwashed by Hitler and that everything was entirely his fault. Although he had a great deal of power and influence, he could not have done what he did without people who chose to believe in him first. If I had to summarize this film in three sentences I would say it opens with a determined young Hitler. Hitler rapidly gains popularity, as well as a few enemies. Hitler has control of everything he needs to proceed with his plans, and is very well on his way there. I learned many things from this movie, but I think the most important one is how he manipulated and persuaded people to do what he wanted. How he pressured President Paul Von Hindenburg into giving him political power. How he was able to get away with murder, because before I had seen the movie I thought majority of the people did not want to side with him but it was more of a do or die situation, but from what I have seen, there was a bit more of a mutual feeling throughout Germany, Austria and those other countries about the Jewish population. I liked how real the movie felt, there was a mood about it that seemed very true to the era. I liked the reactions to Hitler the many different characters had, some were fond of him, others weren’t, but if they made it obvious that they weren’t fans, they wouldn’t have such a happy ending. What I didnt like about the Movie was how insane they made Hitler look from the start, yes, he was a mad man, but he wasn’t always that way. If he had been then who would have followed him. The whole film was also built to be a film, not a documentary, which means that certain things were a bit more dramatic, but because it was a real story, it becomes a bit more misleading. I have only ever experienced discrimination a few times in my life, one of these times was about 5 years ago, on my birthday, after my mother had just announced to the world that we were Jewish. My step-grandmother had an issue with this because she herself was racist against Jewish people. So for my birthday she gave me her gold Jesus Christ necklace. I’m not sure still what she was thinking when she gave it to me, but it was not something that would ever make me convert or change my views on Judaism, which I think was her goal.

Teacher Shortage Essay Example for Free

Teacher Shortage Essay Today teachers are not paid a lot and as a result there has been a shortage of teachers, especially good, qualified ones. Until teacher salaries are raised and teaching comes to be a desirable profession, teacher shortage is going to have a negative impact on both teachers and students. Teacher shortage is bad for students because it means an increased number of students in class. Teacher shortage is bad for teachers because larger class sizes mean more students to be responsible for and more papers to grade. Currently, most teachers are older men and women. Today there are an average of twenty teachers per district retiring ever year (Perrin). But what is going to happen when those teachers retire? Who is going to fill all those positions? Most likely, it will not be education majors currently enrolled in college because everyday, education majors are changing their majors. Teaching does not seem like a desirable profession due to the low salaries and strenuous work load. After spending thousands of dollars to earn a college degree, college students want their degree to work for them. They do not want to work a high hour, low paying job when they know they could be out making good money at an entry level computer job. Until teacher salaries are increased, things are only going to get worse. Already, many of the teaching jobs are held by substitutes, many without college degrees, and that are not always experts in the field in which they teach. With the current teacher shortage, large class sizes are just going to get larger. The problem does not sound serious right now, but what will happen when those students are doctors, teachers, or presidents years down the road? This is a serious problem that could have a very negative impact on our nations future. So, what are we doing to address the teacher shortage? Right now, recruiters are going out of the country to find qualified teachers. Recruiters are mainly tapping into India, Russia, Canada, and Spain for new teachers. While it seems like a good idea, school districts are paying high dollar to fund these recruiting trips. Districts often even have to pay a finder fee of up to five thousand dollars per teacher. They also must sponsor them for special visas, help them with housing, and hold orientations to ease the cultural transitions(Lord). Perhaps a better alternative wouldbe to use this money to increase teacher salaries. Paying for the new teachers is not the only problem with this idea. Even while the foreign teachers might be experts in their fields, what are they going to teach the students if they students can not understand them? Also, a teacher from India is not used to walking through a metal detector every day before work. Classroom discipline may also be a critical issue. Indian students tend to be more orderly and respectful. When an Indian teacher walks into a classroom, they expect the full attention of the class. Unfortunately, this is not always the case today. In this kind of case, I think it is bad for the students and the teacher. The students may not be able to understand the teacher. The teacher may not be ready for the type of students that they are going to see. So, what do we need to do about teacher shortage to make people want to go into teaching? The teachers need to be paid more money. According to Jared Bernstein, an NEA official, most teachers are underpaid at least five thousand dollars a year, based on their education skills, even taking into account summers off. Teachers are even more underpaid in Missouri. With the national average at just over forty thousand dollars per year, the Missouri average is just under thirty-five thousand dollars per year. So if most teachers are underpaid five thousand dollars, Missouri teachers are underpaid about nine thousand dollars per year (Bernstein). The First Lady, Laura Bush is even trying to help solve the nations education problem, vowing to go to college campuses and military bases to recruit desperately needed new teachers. She and President Bush are even going to try to set an example by teaching in classrooms. The First lady used to teach second grade and holds a masters degree in Library Science. A program has started called Teach for America becauseit is estimated that over thenext ten years the United States Education Department will need over two million teachers (Perrin). The program encourages college graduates to make a minimum two-year commitment to teaching. Another plan the First Lady and the President are committed to is the Troops to Teachers program. This plan is to recruit qualified teachers that are retired members of the military. Many of the retired members have degrees in science, math, and engineering. Plus, they bring something to schools that is desperately needed, discipline. Bush believes in the Troops to Teachers program so much that he plans to increase spending from three million dollars to thirty million dollars on the program (Killian). The teacher shortage is really a serious problem. But, I really do feel that the necessary steps will be made to move in the right direction. The change will not happen overnight though. Great ideas to come up with new teachers, especially the Troops to Teachers plan, are being pursued. Many of the retired military members are overqualified for the jobs. Their discipline in the classroom is much needed. The bill they are working on could be a good idea. The bill gives the districts more freedom with the money, which could be a good or a bad thing. They could use the money to hire good teachers, or they could use the money to build better facilities for the schools. The answer is not to go to other countries to find teachers because it costs too much money to go recruit teachers. Why not just use that money to increase teacher salaries?

The Concept Of Governmentality

The Concept Of Governmentality The concept of governmentality is a neologism used by Michel Foucault in his work on modern forms of political power. It is a term that combines government and rationality, suggesting a form of political analysis that focuses on the forms of knowledge that make objects visible and available for governing. In Foucaults terms, governmentality refers to a distinctive modality for exercising power, one which is not reducible to the state. Governmentality is understood to work at a distance by seeking to shape the conduct of conduct. This in turn implies that governmentality refers to a wide range of points of application, including fields of action not ordinarily thought of as political, such as medicine, education, religion, or popular culture. Governmentality is a notion that develops Foucaults distinctive approach to the analysis of power relations. His work not only relocates power, dispersing it away from sovereign actions of centralised state agencies. It rethinks the type of action through which power is exercised (see Brown 2006b). In fundamental respects, the significance of the notion of governmentality for social theory turns on the interpretation of just what sort of theory of action this notion presupposes. The next two sections explore just where this significance lies. Lemke (2002) argues that Foucaults work on governmentality provides a means of understanding the relationships between knowledge, strategies of power and technologies of the self that can usefully augment narratives of neoliberalism. From this perspective, neoliberalism is understood as a political rationality that tries to render the social domain economic and to link a reduction in (welfare) state services and security systems to the increasing call for personal responsibility and self-care' (Lemke 2001, 203). On this understanding, governmentality is a concept that augments the political-economy approaches outlined in the previous section. For example, Ongs (1999) account of the distinctive forms of governmentality deployed by post-developmental states revolves around the assumption that various regulatory regimes manipulate cultural discourses to selectively make people into certain sorts of economic subjects consistent with the objectives of particular national strategies of acc umulation. Jessop (2007, 40) has also argued that the convergence between Marxism and governmentality studies follows from the mutually supportive emphases of the two approaches: while Marx seeks to explain the why of capital accumulation and state power, Foucaults analyses of disciplinarity and governmentality try to explain the how of economic exploitation and political domination. This formulation acknowledges Foucaults own observation that he was concerned with the how of power, but assumes that this descriptive focus merely augments the explanatory project of Marxist political-economy. What is covered over here is a fundamental philosophical difference between these two approaches: the concept of governmentality implies an analysis that focuses on the description of practices instead of causes and explanations. The Marxist and Foucauldian approaches are not necessarily as easily reconciled as it might appear. There are two main areas of difference between these approaches: their respective understandings of the state and of discourse (Traub-Werner 2007, 1444-1446). Political-economy approaches assume fairly static models of the state and the market, and view their relationship in terms of contradictory movements of de-regulation and re-regulation; they also assume that discourse is a representational concept, and focus upon how discourses are theorized differentially materialised in particular contexts. In contrast, governmentality refers to modalities of power that stretch far beyond the state; and discourse is not a representational system so much as a distinctive concept of action, referring to the combination of technologies, means of representation and fields of possibility. Despite the underlying philosophical differences between governmentality and Marxist political economy, Foucaults notion has become an important reference point in recent debates about neoliberalization (Larner 2003, Barnett 2005). If there is such a thing as a neoliberal project, then it is assumed that it must work by seeking to bring into existence lots of neoliberal subjects (cf. Barnett et al 2008). Work on this topic assumes that extending the range of activities that are commodified, commercialized and marketized necessarily implies that peoples subjectivities need to be re-tooled and re-worked as active consumers, entrepreneurial subjects, or empowered participants (e.g. Bondi 2005, GÃ ¶kariksel and Mitchell 2005, Mitchell 2003, Mitchell 2006, Sparke 2006a, Walkerdine 2005). In this interpretation, the dispersal of power implied by the notion of governmentality is re-centred around a sovereign conception of state action, now able to reach out all the more effectively into a ll sorts of arenas in order to secure the conditions of its own (il)legitimacy. The reduction of governmentality to a mechanism of subjectification marks the point at which Foucaults historical, genealogical approach to issues of subject formation is subordinated to presentist functionalism of theories of neoliberalization. This reduction follows from the ambivalence around subject-formation in the formalized models of governmentality that have developed Foucaults ideas. Roses (1999) analysis of advanced liberal governmentality argues that forms of social government, of which the classical Keynsian welfare state stands as the exemplar, are being supplanted by the de-socialisation of modes of governing. The rationalities of advanced liberal welfare reform take the ethical reconstruction of the welfare recipient as their central problem (ibid. 263). They seek to govern people by regulating the choices made by autonomous actors in the context of their everyday, ordinary commitments to friends, family and community. This rationality is visible in the proliferation o f the registers of empowerment and improvement, in which both subjects participating in welfare or development programmes are geared towards transforming the relationships that subjects have with themselves (Cruickshank 1999, Li 2007). In analyses of advanced liberal governmentality, these shifts in political rationality are the result of the efforts of a diverse set of actors pursuing plural ends. They do not reflect the aims of a singular, coherent neoliberal project pursued through the agency of the state. This emphasis is lost in the functionalist appropriation of governmentality to bolster theories of neoliberalization. This is compounded by the tendency in this work to presume that the description of political rationalities also describes the actual accomplishment of subject-effects. The vocabulary of theorists of neoliberal governmentality theorists is replete with terms such as elicit, promote, foster, attract, guide, encourage and so on: The key feature of the neo-liberal rationality is the congruence it endeavours to achieve between a responsible and moral individual and an economic-rational actor. It aspires to construct prudent subjects whose moral quality is based on the fact that they rationally assess the costs and benefits of a certain sort as opposed to other alternative acts (Lemke 2001, 201). The point to underscore here is the emphasis on a rationality that endeavours and aspires to bring about certain subject-effects. Narratives of the emergence of neoliberal governmentality display little sense of just whether and how governmental programmes seek to get people to comply with projects of rule or identify with subject-positions. This is in large part because the Foucauldian approach to neoliberalism continues to construe governmentality in terms of a politics of subjection (Clarke 2004d, 70-71). Such an assumption leads almost automatically to the conclusion that neoliberalism degrades any residual potential for public action inherent in liberal democracy (e.g. Brown 2003). Equipped with the concept of governmentality, this sort of presentation of neoliberalism is able to avoid any serious consideration of what sort of action can be exercised on subjects through acting on them at a distance. The idea that governmentality is a distinctive mode of political rule which seeks to hail into existence its preferred subjects, which are then only left with the option of resistance, needs to be treated with considerable scepticism. Understood as a mechanism of subjection, governmentality is assumed to work through the operation of norms. However, Foucauldian theory is chronically unable to acknowledge the work of communicative rationalities in making any action-through-norms possible (Hacking 2004). Theories of governmentality consistently fail to adequately specify the looping-effects between knowledge-technologies, practices, and subject-formation which are implied by the idea of governing at a distance (Barnett 2001). This failure leads to the supposition that governmentality works through representational modes of subjectification rather than through the practical ordering of fields of strategic and communicative action. At the very most, the governmentality approach implies a probabilistic relationship between regulatory rationalities of rule and the transformations of subjectivities, mediated by the rules of chance (Agrawal 2005, 161-163). It might even imply a reorientation of analysis towards understanding the assemblage of dispersed, singular acts rather than on psycho-social processes of individual subjection (Barnett et al 2008). The recuperation of governmentality as a theory of subject-formation, modelled on theories of interpellative hailing, overlooks the distinctive modality of action through which the Foucault addresses questions of subjectivity. Whereas liberalism and neoliberalism are understood in political-economy approaches as market ideologies, from the governmentality perspective liberalism (and by extension neoliberalism) should properly refer to a particular problematization of governing, and in particular the problematization of the task of governing free subjects. While a free market ideology might imply a problematization of free subjects, it does not follow that the problematization of free subjects is always and everywhere reducible to the imperatives of free market ideologies. Ong (2006) suggests, for example, a definition of neoliberalism in which long established technologies for administering subjects for self-mastery are only contingently articulated with projects directed at securing profitability. But this clarification still presumes that neoliberalism extends and reproduces itself primarily through a politics of subjection (see also Brown 2006a). It might be better to suppose that the distinctive focus in governmentality studies on modes of problematization should reorient analysis to the forms of what Foucault (1988) once called practices of ethical problematization. This would direct analytical attention to investigating the conditions for individuals to recognize themselves as particular kinds of persons and to reflect upon their conduct to problematize it such that they may work upon and transform themselves in certain ways and towards particular goals (Hodges 2002, 457). Two things follow from this reorientation. Firstly, it presumes that subjectivity is the product of situated rationalities of practice, rather than the representational medium of interpellative recognition (Hacking 2002). Secondly, it implies that the proposition that liberal governme ntality seeks to construct self-regulating subjectivities should not be too easily reduced to the proposition that these subjectivities are normatively self-interested egoists (Du Gay 2005). For example, Isin (2004) argues that the distinctive style of problematizing contemporary subjects of rule is in terms of so many neurotic subjects faced with various risks and hazards. One implication of this style of problematizing subjects is that state agencies continue to be the objects of demands to take responsibility for monitoring such neurotic subjects or securing them from harm. In this section we have seen how the third of the approaches to conceptualising neoliberalism identified by Larner (2000), which appeals to the concept of governmentality, can be more or less easily subsumed into the prevalent political-economy interpretation. The assumption that governmentality is a concept that refers to the inculcation of certain sorts of mentality into subjects is the prevalent interpretation of governmentality in geographys usage of this concept to bolster theories of neoliberalization, not least in the proliferation of work on neoliberal subjects. The marriage of political-economy and governmentality therefore generates a shared space of debate that defines state-of-the-art research into neoliberalization (Barnett 2005). While in the political-economy approach, discourses are treated as expressive of other levels of determination, in the governmentality approach political economic processes recede into the background; whereas political-economy approaches privil ege class relations over other social relations, the governmentality approach reduces the social field to a plane of subjectification. But these differences converge around a shared assumption that reproduction happens: that subjects live out their self-governing subjection as ascribed by governmental rationalities, or subordinate classes live out their regulatory roles as ascribed by hegemonic projects of consent (Clarke 2004c). And so it is that the social is reduced to the repository of a mysterious force of resistance waiting to be activated by the revelatory force of academic demystification. Foucauldian analysis of neoliberal governmentality remains unclear whether either tradition can provide adequate resources for thinking about the practical problems of democracy, rights and social justice. This is not helped by the systematic denigration in both lines of thought of liberalism, a catch-all term used with little discrimination

Teenage Depression Essay -- essays research papers

Teenage Depression I. Clinical depression is a serious illness that can affect anybody, including teenagers. It can affect your thoughts, feelings, behavior, and overall health. A recent child psychologist quoted; "It (depressions) not a fleeting sadness but a pervasive and relentless sense of despair. A lack of interest in life accompanied by weight loss, loss of appetite, feelings of uselessness, and sleep disturbance are some of the more common symptoms. People with depression can't just 'snap out of it'. There can be an array of causes- it can be due to stresses in the home or at work, or it can just come out of the blue. Sometimes family history can be a major factor." We chose this topic because this case is relevant to the cognitive process in teenagers. II. Depression can be expressed through many symptoms. A common symptom is a pessimistic view of life. Life seems meaningless, and nothing good will ever happen. Another symptom is constant crying for no particular reason. When your depressed you don't feel like doing a lot of the things you used to like. Such as music, sports, being with friends, and going out. You want to be left alone most of the time. Also, it is hard for you to make up your mind when it comes to making decisions. III. Numerous studies have showed that 2.5 percent of children and up to 8 percent of teens suffer from depression. In another study, 9...

Imperial Telecommunications :: essays research papers fc

Imperialism has existed in the world since the beginning of government all together, but this practice took a dramatic turn in the latter half of the nineteenth century. New inventions, modern thinking, and stronger governments all made imperialism easier. Now thousands of miles could be conquered in a matter of months; an empire could have a stronger hold on a colony than ever before. The result was that by the end of the century, at least one European nation had a claim to nearly every piece of land on the Earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early nineteenth century, it would take a message 5-8 months to travel from England to India. Steamships cut that time to six weeks each way, but furthermore electrical telecommunications made that time, for all practical purposes, instantaneous. This new form of communication gave imperialists the ability to maintain their empire, being able to govern a colony thousands of miles away. The web of cables that was so eagerly constructed around the world gave the European empires an advantage that earlier nations never could have imagined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following pages will cover the history and effects of electrical telecommunications from its beginning through the first world war. They will describe the basic technology and inventors behind the telegraph; following this the implication of this technology, mainly by Britain and France, into everyday practice will be discussed along with its effects. And finally, the effects on politics and economics leading up to the First World War will be discussed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Samuel Finley Breese Morse (Fig. 1), a North American painter and inventor, got the idea for the telegraph while traveling from Italy to America. He began work and patented the first successful telegraph in 1838, along with a system of dashes and dots of electric pulses to represent letters (Stall sec. 1). The first message on a commercial telegraph cable was sent on May 24, 1844, from Washington DC to Baltimore. Morse sent the message â€Å"What hath God wrought† himself to his partner Albert Lewis Vail at the Baltimore & Ohio railway station. Plans to expand the network to Philadelphia, New York, and Boston began immediately (2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Meanwhile in England, two gentlemen William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone (Fig. 2) had been working on the needle telegraph (Fig. 3). After years of experiments and patents, they finally built a one-needle telegraph that was so efficient and so simple that it was used in England for nearly eighty years to come (8).

The Virtuous Pamela of Virtue Rewarded Essay -- Virtue Rewarded Essays

The Virtuous Pamela of Virtue Rewarded      Ã‚  Ã‚   Samuel Richardson began his literary career when two booksellers offered him the opportunity to amass a publication for unskilled letter writers. While preparing this volume, a small sequence of letters from a young lady asking her father's counsel when endangered by her master's advances, entranced him. His enthrallment resulted in a shift in his work. The result was the tome Pamela; Or, Virtue Rewarded. The book has been subject to much inquiry. One such question critics ask is if the main character, Pamela Andrews, is truly virtuous or a convincing hypocrite. By understanding the character of Pamela, one must conclude Pamela is a truly virtuous young lady.    First, Pamela regards her virtue very highly. In the first letter from her parents, they write, "...the loss of our dear child's virtue would be a grief that we could not bear (46)." Throughout many of their following letters, her parents continue to warn her to be on guard of her virtue. Furthermore, as a poor girl, Pamela's virtue was all she had to offer a future spouse. In one letter, she tells of an account with Mr. B. In this account she says, "For heaven's sake, your honour, pity a poor creature, that knows nothing, but how to cherish her virtue and good name: I have nothing else to trust to (62)." After escaping captivity, she contemplates taking her life before renouncing her virtue.    Moreover, Pamela's virtue stems from her being a devout Protestant Christian. Throughout her letters, Pamela refers to Scripture over thirty times. Furthermore, she calls upon God numerous times in prayer. Moreover, after kidnapping Pamela, Mr. B. detains her for six weeks. Throughout her captivity, Pamela laments n... ...arriage bed is a gift of God. She looks on the prospect of such an established man with joy and happiness.    In conclusion, Pamela's virtue is a virtue of the very highest. She regards it very highly. Second, her virtue takes root in her Protestant Christian heritage. Thus, the Bible would guide her ethics. This high ethical standard manifests itself throughout the attacks of Mr. B. His attacks upset Pamela to a high degree. Outside of marriage, Pamela can never yield her innocence. Moreover, marriage seems impossible. Yet when Mr. B. humbles himself by giving his troth, Pamela becomes excited at the prospect of marriage. When married, she will no longer have any virtue to protect. She will marry as an unsullied bride.    Work Cited: Richardson, Samuel. Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded. 1740. Ed. T.C. Duncan Eaves and Ben Kimpel. Boston: Houghton, 1971.

Historical experience leader was not trusted Essay

Terry finished from college as an engineer with excellent grades. He got jobs with several companies within the space of two years after graduation. He decided to change job because of harsh environment conditions of the location of the companies. After staying at home for three months, he got another job with a university as an IT assistant, in charge of networking and system repairs. He was enjoying himself in this company: a young university graduate with bright future. He was very dedicated to the discharge of duties. Because of dedication to duty, he was loved by all and sundry. He actually also had good human relationships. During his stay in the company, he had three major plans: settle down for a family with his girl-friend. He wanted to continue his education by bagging a postgraduate degree in Information and communication technology. He also had a business plan to accomplish that would be open the door for his self-employment and own his company. Because of these, he was ready to get as much experience as possible. He was poised to learn as mush as would come his way. And he did. However, he started developing problems with his Unit director who felt he was outshining him in the Unit. They argued on several occasions about they had to do on network problems affecting the University Internet access. At last, he got a sack letter. He left the company. He did not particularly see the sack as a major problem: it was an opportunity for him to actually work on his plans. So, he set forth. He drew up his business plan: got fund from the savings and investments he had made while gainfully employed, from friends and family members. He got a vantage position for his IT Company that provides information and services on Website designs, PC sales and repairs, Internet access and Computer training. He got started with a number of hardworking staff. He made them understand that since the business is new, they had to see themselves as part of a team that must work hard to see that customers are satisfied, their requirements met and services delivered effectively. These workers understood and dedicated their time and energy to the progress of the Company. They trusted his knowledge and managerial skills. They were also ready to make sacrifices for the Company. I got employed into the company as a Customer Service agent in charge of customer relations and keeping a journal of order delivery status. I noticed that Terry had a problem with his girlfriend and he had to break up. This affected his mood and outlook to work in the office. During this time, he lost his vigor and strength. We got talking about many things, including our personal lives. He was articulate and intelligent. But he could not keep to schedule nor meet appointments. A lot of customers and some members of staff complained on this. He promised to change. But he did not. Apart from this, he refused to pay salaries for the first two months. This was not surprise to us as we knew that the Company was getting up and we understood that a lot of money had to go into the running of a new company. After the third month, we met to discuss why salaries had not been paid. The Accounting unit reported that the Company could pay its workers. Against his will, they also told those present that some people have been selectively paid. This got the ‘unpaid’ workers annoyed and seriously vexed. We demanded for an explanation form the Boss. He was ready, as usual to give excuse and sweet-tongued us into this same old story: the Company is just catching up, and soon, all will be well. He supported his point with facts and figures convincing those paid are on special contract. He also used the opportunity to chastise workers who had not been working, especially those he had proposed to and they refused his advances. It later dawned on us that the company leader was making advances to many female workers in the office; those who agreed got paid and those who did not were chastised for their disobedience and were also not paid salaries. I was disappointed to come to this conclusion. I was learning a lot on the job, so I did not want to leave. After five months of endurance, we were paid for three months. I make proposal to opt out of the company because the situation grew worse daily. I called him several times to advise him but he would tell me I was young and had limited experience. Complaints by staff intensified daily. He sacked some, and others opted out willingly . The Situation became embarrassing: virtually everybody in the company knew about the ordeal. After series of threats, all salaries were paid. By then, he had lost a lot of resourceful workers. I also left the Company but not without lessons: little disappointments add up to big distrust. Trust is a major tool that makes communication effective. Anyone that loses this all-important trait is building a castle on sand, it would not last. It’s only a matter of time: it would fall. The company no longer exists. It has now been closed down. Terry had to get a paid job to pay his debts.

Indonesia †Asia’s Stumbling Giant Essay

Indonesia is a country within Asia populated with nearly 220 million people. It has a strategic location astride major sea lanes and is an archipelago of 17,508 islands (globalEDGE, 2013). It is also deemed the world’s most Muslim nation where nearly 85% of the population consider themselves Muslim; while still remaining one of the most ethnically diverse countries. Indonesia is known for its natural resources such as: mining, oil and gas production, and forestry (Hill, 2013). From a political standpoint, Indonesia has a mixed economic system in which the economy includes a variety of private freedom, combined with centralized economic planning and government regulation (globalEDGE, 2013). Indonesia’s Central Issues Indonesia has experienced many political, economic and environmental disasters. Although economic growth was prevalent prior to 1997, the actions of the historical dictator Suharto influenced the beginning of the downward spiral of the country. The country accumulated major debt by what is referred to as â€Å"crony capitalism† as Suharto used his command of the political system to favor the business enterprises of his supporters and family (Hill, 2013). As a result the current economic front, while it has gotten better, Indonesia still lags behind its Southeast Asian neighbors. Other central issues that stem from the foundation of economic destruction are: poor infrastructure, high unemployment, slow growth in labor productivity, significant foreign capital has left the country, decline in public, private and foreign investment, endemically high level of corruption, and business activity is delayed significantly by â€Å"red tape† or greater scrutinized processing proc edures. While there are numerous issues that are occurring throughout Indonesia, all require attention in order to help stabilize the country. Indonesia’s Goals Indonesia has been known to share the same common goals as the United States as both countries firmly support a vast and diverse country. The three goals shared are: democratization, sustainable economic growth, and  territorial integrity (Gelbard, 2000). Democratic government and economic well-being are the most effective guarantors of domestic stability. Potentially, the success of these three goals in Indonesia could translate into greater stability in Southeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific region. Indonesia’s Constraints of the Central Issue Indonesia’s main constraint to a successful future is the corruption that occurs throughout the country. It is said that although the dictator leadership has been removed, corruption is still very much alive throughout the entire legal system, including the police and prosecutors (Hill, 2013). Corruption occurs most commonly in Indonesia through the form of bribery. Although Indonesia does have anti-corruption policies and procedures in place, it is reported that the politically elite are included in bribery schemes so frequently that the policies and procedures lack any follow through. Additional constraints to achieving the countries goals and alleviating the central issues are: poor infrastructure, environmental disasters, and red tape for businesses. Alternatives to Alleviate the Central Issue While there are many potential paths that can be used as alternatives to alleviate the central issues in Indonesia, the following must be addressed: eliminating corruption, bettering the country’s infrastructure, and promote internal and external investment into the country. Beginning with eliminating corruption, as an alternative to allowing it to continue and negatively affect the political and economic divisions as it does today, the ideal would be to align supporters of the anti-corruption drive to help strengthen the policies and procedures and also help push out the offenders that are still participating in corruption. It is key to have political and legal participants who believe in the anti-corruption laws and are willing to enforce them for the good of the country. The second alternative to help alleviating the central issues in Indonesia would be focusing on bettering the infrastructure of the country. The conditions of the country are poor at best with horrible road systems and little to no access to electricity or modern sewage. Furthermore, the tsunami that hit the coast of Indonesia in late 2004 only made these matters worse (Hill, 2013). As  public investments to improve the country’s infrastructure have declined, so have private investments. Indonesia must create a budget to allow the public investments to begin to increase again to help stabilize the infrastructure of the country, and in turn will draw in private investments as well to assist with rebuilding the infrastructure of the country. Best Alternative, Most Chance and Greatest Success Stabilization and development in Indonesia should remain the primary focus in order to help alleviate the central issues of the country. The main alternative to address would be the corruption that occurs within Indonesia and implement policies to help reduce the bribery while monitoring and punish those who are participating in bribery acts. As Indonesia stands now, although there is already a drive to alleviate corruption but the political offices that do not support them continue to participate in bribery and other forms of corruption. According to estimations by the World Bank, their organization lost $48 billion to corruption in Indonesia between 1977 and 1997 (Quah, 2011). As the country begins implementing and correctly practicing anti-corruption laws and properly punishing offenders, the economy will begin to see a fluctuation in excess cash flow with will create a waterfall effect to help rebuild the economy and infrastructure of the country. Once the country begins showing signs of economic and political reform, the country itself will open up more opportunities to rebuild relationships with foreign investors, such as private investors in the oil industry that could potentially help Indonesia restore its status as an exporter of oil. Implementation Plan In the case of Indonesia and their turmoil at this point in time, it has been evaluated that there is not safe road to economic and political stability except economic development; rather a development program must be launched which will permit signification increases in per capita consumption over a short period of time, while at the same time accumulating capital and changing the structure of production so as to provide a permanent solution to the balance of payments problem and to launch a process of continuous economic growth (Higgins, 1957). The following are key components that must be address and repaired before Indonesia has any chance at being a  successful prosperous country. Lack of Political Will Low Risk of Detection and Punishment Low Wages of Civil Servants Expansive Role of Governments in National Development Asian Culture of Gift Giving Separated from Political Policies (Quah, 2011) First and foremost, Indonesia must eliminate the issue of corruption at the source: within the political parties. Indonesia exists in an environment having established anti-corruption laws with a single anti-corruption agency, limiting the consequences and punishment for acts of corruption. Indonesia must implement an action plan such as Singapore and Honk Kong SAR as they have succeeded in minimizing corruption and rebuilding their economy. Again, this would entail commitment of political leaders, updating policy context to be more favorable, and impartial implementation of effective anti-corruption measures. As the corruption issues begin to be regulated and stabilized, further development can be focused on within the country. Cash flow will be greater as less money will lost in bribery and will be able to be rerouted to development of the coutnry’s infrastructure. As Indonesia begins to rebuild its political and economic front, the country will become more appealing for international organizations. As private investments increase, one can anticipate that public and international investments will also increase. However, the â€Å"red tape† for business that are in placed now will need to be evaluated and potentially redefined to help streamline new business development in Indonesia. As the necessary changes are implemented, Indonesia will also be able to strengthen the exports of their natural resources. They will begin to rely less on imports as they rebuild their manufacturability, in turn increasing their exports as well as profit from exports. This again will be a funct ion of opportunity for foreign investment and will help strengthen foreign relationships for international business. All in all, without these measures being taken, Indonesia will remain a country in debt, run by corruption with a failing economy. These changes are required for a successful future for Indonesia both internally within the country and externally within foreign international business. References Gelbard, R. (2000). U.S. and Indonesia: Common Goals. The New York Times. Retrieved on January 12, 2014 from http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/20/opinion/20iht-edgelbard.2.t.html globalEdge. (2014). Retrieved on January 9, 2014 from http://globaledge.msu.edu/ Higgins, B. Howard. (1957). Indonesia’s economic stabilization and development. New York: Institute of Pacific Relations. Hill, C. (2013). International business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Quah, Jon S. T (2011). Curbing corruption in Asian countries: an impossible dream?. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group.

Living Abroad

Living and working abroad Today several numbers of people desires working and living outside their home countries. The reason behind this is that many believe that better jobs and living are found in foreign countries than their own. The advantages of working and living abroad consist of various factors. First, many developed countries have much diverse people and cultures. Learning and experiencing this diversity can be fascinating and delightful.In addition, owing to the mixed in population, people working or living overseas are able to learn new languages, styles of dressing as well as cultural activities. This in turn makes living problem-free and pleasurable. Therefore, allowing people to forget about difficulties and hardships faced before migrating abroad. Moreover, gaining excellent knowledge and experience in jobs can be very beneficial, particularly back in their home countries.Overseas works are exceptional, mostly in developing existing skills and acquiring new ones, maki ng one more equipped and attractive to employers. Despite the above advantages of working and living abroad, there are also disadvantages associated with working and living abroad. Language barrier is one of the major problem facing new foreigners in many of the developed countries. This difficulty to understand the language hinders their progress and adaptation to the new life style and environment. As a result, finding and obtaining a good living may be tough and for some impossible.As well, in some countries, there is discrimination at workplace, making it difficult for foreign migrants to settle peacefully and also blend in with the citizens. This discrimination is not only in colour but also in religious beliefs and sexes. For that reason, life in some abroad countries is very stressful and upsetting. So, knowing the country one wishes to live in is essential, in particular if one chooses to migrate to an English speaking country, one must be able to communicate fluently in spo ken as well as written English as this is the only business language.

Effectiveness Audit Accessibilities for Senior Citizen Comfortability

EFFECTIVENESS AUDIT ACCESSIBILITIES FOR SENIOR CITIZEN COMFORTABILITY: ( A CASE STUDY OF THE HERITAGE RESIDENCES AND HEALTH CARE CENTRE IN MALAYSIA ) Abstraction Missing in accessible environment will curtail aged and handicapped individual to bask their life ( Tan, 2008 ) . Person with disablements ( PWDs ) will restrict by the physical barriers in a edifice. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze ways to better the degree of handiness in edifices for the aged and handicapped people in the built environment, particularly in infirmary and retirement Centre. This paper tends to place the degree of handiness in infirmary and abodes edifices in Selangor, Malaysia. This survey comprises literature reappraisal, informations aggregation, observations and table research to research on how to accomplish friendly and comfy entree for all particularly aged and handicapped. This survey tends to make full the spread of the old survey on the handiness of senior citizen and disables. The findings will let the edifice supplier to upgrade bing installations in order to suit accessible built environment for the aged and handicapped people. Findingss revealed t hat failings found are caused by hapless design, deficiency of policies and ordinance every bit good as limited guidelines. Final portion of this paper provides some recommendation in proposed guidelines in regard to the individual with disablements ( PWDs ) needs. Keywords: Accessibility, Person with disablements ( PWDs ) , Built environment 1. Introduction Malaysia is a underdeveloped state with a population of 29.62 million in twelvemonth 2013. Out of this 29.62 million, 1.56 million – 2.75 million are those aged and people with disablements ( PWDs ) . Although the population of Malaysia is considered younger than others developed states, nevertheless the ageing population is increasing twelvemonth to twelvemonth resulted from birthrate diminution. It is proven from the Statisticss of Malaysia that ageing population is increasing about 5 % each twelvemonth. Harmonizing to a old survey, it is estimated that the population of ageing and aged will increase to 15 % of the state population in the twelvemonth 2030. Health attention and residences edifices take on particular significance as the rapid increasing of ageing and disabled in our society is widely recognized today. As the aged and handicapped population grows, it is progressively of import to happen a more efficient service for this group. This survey can be a guideline for architecture, developer every bit good as authorities bureau in fixing the act and ordinance in reinforced environment. This survey highlighted that accessible design must do edifices more approaching and easier for come ining and utilizing. In concurrence to this, an accessible design must incorporate with the inside and outside of edifice elements. In other words, an accessible design should able supply a high degree of safety life and should let people to execute their day-to-day life and activity more freely. Last, accessible design must incorporate with a edifice ‘s map, layout every bit good as signifier. This seminar paper will discourse about the effectivity and process to carry on entree audit for handicapped comfy. The concluding aim of this authorship is to measure and happen another attack to supply a pleasant entree audit. In order to supply accessible environment for ageing and aged, it is of import to understand assorted group of individual with disablements. B asically individual with disablements can be divided into four major classs which are orthopedic, centripetal, cognitive and multiple. Orthopaedic This class is the people who are enduring orthopedic disablements such as locomotor disablements. Sensory This group of individual with disablements refers to people with centripetal disablements in footings of either hearing or ocular. However, this group of people normally come in both which mean they will endure both. Cognitive Peoples in this group refer to them who are enduring mental illness such as development or acquisition disablements. Multiple Multiple refer to those who are enduring with the combination of orthopedic, centripetal and/or cognitive disablements. 2. ELDERLYttriumAND PERSON WITH DISABILITY ( PWDs ) Elderly or senior citizens refer to those who are at age of higher than mean life span of homo. However, there is no formal boundary age for aged and senior citizens. It is vary from each state on how the state defined the boundary for aged and senior citizens. In Malaysia, elderly or senior citizens are those who are in age of 60 old ages old and above while individual with disablements are those who are enduring job in term of orthopedic, centripetal, cognitive every bit good as combination of these three. In order to protect the individual with disablements, Malaysia authorities has introduced Persons with Disabilities Act ( PWDA ) in 2008. In the twelvemonth 2006, around two hundred 1000s of handicapped people have been registered under the Department of Social Welfare Malaysia ( DSW ) . Graph 1 Population of Elderly and Disabled Person in Malaysia and Australia in 2009 Beginning: Wellness National Data 2009 – Institute of Gerontology, UPM Graph 2 Aging Populations in Malaysia from 1970 to 2020 Beginning: Department of Statistics, Malaysia 3. CodeOFPRACTICEON ACCESSFOR DISABLED Peoples: DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS In order to protect individual with disablements, Malaysia authorities has introduced Malaysia Standards on Disabled Person ( MS ) in 2002 and a more recent and powerful one which is Persons with Disabilities Act ( PWDA ) in 2008. Malaysia Standards on Disabled Person ( MS ) in 2002 is concentrating on supplying comfort environment and installations for handicapped individual in Malaysia. However, this is merely a criterion but non Acts of the Apostless, hence some garbage to follow the guidelines or the Standards. Therefore in 2008, Malaysia authorities introduced the Persons with Disabilities Act ( PWDA ) . Part of this act has written that those who did non obey or follow the act will be all right and gaol. There are fundamentally five elements to be considered in planing infirmary and abode edifices which are:Obstructions Figure 1: Obstructions Beginning: Sciverse ScienceDirectStreet furniture Figure 2: Idea dimension of tabular array that fits wheelchair users Beginning: Sciverse ScienceDirectCurb inclines Figure 3: Design of Curb inclines Beginning: Sciverse ScienceDirectParking Figure 5: Dedicated parking tonss design for the individual with disablements Beginning: Sciverse ScienceDirect 4. REVIEW OF EFFECTIVENESS AUDIT ACCESSIBILITIESHospital Sungai Long ( HSL ) Figure 6: Hospital Sungai Long Beginning: HSL web page at hypertext transfer protocol: //hospitalsungailong.com/web/contact-us/location-map.html Hospital Sungai Long is located at Pt 21147, Persiaran SL1, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. This edifice consists of 6 floors with 60 beds available. This infirmary began its operation in 2012. An entree audit was performed in April 2014 for bing edifice and installations. Based on the observation and findings, this infirmary is non so accessible for aged and PWDs. Figure 7: Parking tonss of HSL Beginning: Case survey of HSL, Kajang ( 2014 ) This is the lone parking batch next to the chief entryway provided by Hospital Sungai Long which consists of non more than 10 tonss. In concurrence to this, there are 4 parking tonss provided for physicians and specializers staffs of Hospital Sungai Long. In fact they didn’t provide any parking tonss for aged and handicapped individual that should approach the chief entryway. It will take a long distance for aged to travel through the chief entryway. Besides that, there are no pronounced parking infinites across the site for those who are registered under individual with disablements ( a valid spine ) . In order to work outing this job, Hospital Sungai Long should supply parking tonss for aged and disabled that near chief entryway and painted in different colour from other tonss. Figure 8: Main entryway of HSL Beginning: Case survey of HSL, Kajang ( 2014 ) The figure shows the chief entryway of Hospital Sungai Long. Hospital Sungai Long is utilizing manual operation door and it is hard undertaking for aged and disabled to open the door particularly those utilizing wheelchairs. Other than that, it may make some uncertainness for aged and individual with disablement such as autumn down to floor and others. Therefore, it is recommended that Hospital Sungai Long should utilize automatic door for easy usage of aged and handicapped individual although it incurred a higher cost. Figure 9: Nerve pathway of HSL Beginning: Case survey of HSL, Kajang ( 2014 ) The tract provided from Hospital Sungai Long is excessively slanted. The tract has exceeded the Malayan Standard MS 1184: 2002 which is non more than 1:12. It is hard for aged and individual with disablements to acquire usage of it. Therefore, Hospital Sungai Long should supply a tract of gradient non more than 1:12. Figure 10: Toilet in HSL Beginning: Case survey of HSL, Kajang ( 2014 ) This is the figure of lavatory provided in Hospital Sungai Long. The lavatory is good equipped with inveighing that easy accessible for the aged and handicapped individual. However, the country is excessively little. The country is a spot narrow for wheelchairs users. Besides that, there is no haptic surface installed. The installing of haptic surface is to avoid those uncertainnesss such as autumn on floor and others. As a decision, Hospital Sungai Long should better installations provided for aged and individual with disablements by enlarge the size of lavatory and put in haptic surface. Figure 11: Lift installed in HSL Beginning: Case survey of HSL, Kajang ( 2014 ) The figure shows the lift installed in Hospital Sungai Long. Overall, the lift is user friendly. For illustration, the button is 1200mm from the floor degree and it is easy accessible for wheelchairs users. However, there is no haptic warning surface installed in forepart of the lift. Therefore, it is recommended that Hospital Sungai Long should supply tactile warning surface for vision impaired and a bigger lift that able to suit more wheelchair users.

64th Republic Day of India

The patriotic fervor of the Indian people on this day brings the whole country together even in her embedded diversity. Republic Day is a people’s day in a variety of ways: It’s when regional identity takes a backseat and what matters most is the universal appeal of unity and brotherhood projected by all Indians. The Indian constitution basically stands for the aspirations which ‘the common man of India’ cherishes. Republic Day is a day of the citizen of the country when he is entitled to be ‘all supreme’. Republic Day is celebrated most majestically in the capital, New Delhi, where symbols of the great nation’s military might and cultural wealth are displayed in what is the world’s most impressive parade. All Government buildings are illuminated lending the city the atmosphere of a fairyland. This day is celebrated with much zeal and pride all across the nation. Republic Day Significance India gained independence on August 15, 1947. But till January 26, 1950, it did not have the proper law of the land for ruling the country. On 26th January, 1950 the constitution of India came into force and India became a nation state with sovereignty and republic sense. Our constitution was formed by the Indian Constituent Assembly. The Indian Constituent Assembly met on December 9, 1946. The Assembly appointed a number of committees to report on the various aspects of the proposed constitution. The Constituent Assembly had appointed Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman to draft the Constitution. The committee finalized the draft with 395 Articles and eight Schedules and was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. The Indian Republic officially came into being on January 26, 1950. January 26 was not some random date picked out of the calendar. It was on this date in 1927, that the Indian National Congress, then fighting its non-violent war for freedom, voted for complete independence as against ‘Dominion Status’. It was the date when members of the Indian National Congress took the pledge to work towards a ‘Sovereign Democratic Republic’ of India. The Indian Constitution, the longest in the world, now consist of 397 articles and 12 schedules which provides for a single citizenship for the whole of India. It gives the right to vote to all the citizens of 18 years and above, unless they are disqualified. Fundamental rights are guaranteed to the citizens, equality of religion and so on. The Supreme Court, consisting of the Chief Justice of India and other judges, are the guardian of the Constitution. It stands at the apex of a single integrated judicial system for the whole country. This is where the fundamental rights of the citizens are protected. 26 January 1950 It was on 26 January, 1950 that the constitution of India came into force and India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic. It was on the same day that Dr. Rajendra Prasad took oath as the first President of India. Read here the first speech delivered by Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the President of India on 26th January, 1950. â€Å"It is a great day for our country. India has had a long and chequered history; parts of it were cloudy and parts bright and sunlit. At no period, even during the most glorious eras of which we have record, was this whole country brought under one Constitution and one rule. We have mention of many Republics in our books and our historians have been able to make out a more or less connected and co-ordinated piece out of the incidents and the places which are mentioned in these records. But these Republics were small and tiny and their shape and size was perhaps the same as that of the Greek Republics of that period. We have mention of Kings and Princes, some of whom are described as ‘Chakravarty’, that is, a monarch whose suzerainty was acknowledged by other Princes. During the British period, while acknowledging the suzerainty of Britain, the Indian Princes continued to carry on the administration of their territories in their own way. It is for the first time today that we have inaugurated a Constitution which extends to the whole of this country and we see the birth of a federal republic having States which have no sovereignty of their own and which are really members and parts of one federation and one administration. His Excellency the Ambassador of the Netherlands has been pleased to refer to the relations and connections of this country with other countries both Eastern and Western. That relationship, so far as this country is concerned, has always been one of friendliness. Our ancestors carried the message of our teachers far and wide and established cultural ties which have withstood the ravages of time and still subsist while Empires have crumbled and fallen to pieces. Our ties subsist because they were not of iron and steel or even of gold but of the silken cords of the human spirit, India has had to face, on many occasions, assaults and invasions by foreigners and she has very often succumbed. But, there is not a single instance of a military invasion or aggressive war by this country against any other. It is therefore in the fitness of things and a culmination of our own cultural traditions that we have been able to win our freedom without bloodshed and in a very peaceful manner. The Father of our Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, was not a freak of nature but the physical embodiment and consummation of the progress of that spirit of non-violence which has been our great heritage. We have been able under his matchless leadership, not only to regain our lost freedom but also to establish and strengthen the bonds of friendship with those — and our thanks are due to them for it — against whose policy we have fought and won. Our Constitution is a democratic instrument seeking to ensure to the individual citizens the freedoms which are so invaluable. India has never prescribed or prosecuted opinion and faith and our philosophy has room as much for a devotee of a personal god, as for an agnostic or an atheist. We shall, therefore, be only implementing in practice under our Constitution what we have inherited from our traditions, namely, freedom of opinion and expression. Under the new set-up, which we are inaugurating today, we hope to live up to the teachings of our Master and help in our own humble way in the establishment of peace in the world. Our attitude towards all countries is one of utmost friendliness. We have no designs against any one, no ambition to dominate others. Our hope is that others also will have no designs against us. We have had bitter experience of aggression by other countries in the past and can only express the hope that it may not be necessary for us to take any measures even in self-defence. I know the world today is passing through a most uncertain and anxious period. Two world wars within one generation, with all their devastation and aftermath of suffering and sorrow, have not been able to convince it that a war can never bring about the end of wars. It is, therefore, necessary to seek the end of wars in positive acts of goodness towards all and the world must learn to utilize all its resources for productive and beneficial purposes and not for destruction. We do venture to think that this country may have a past to play in establishing this goodwill and atmosphere of confidence and co-operation. We have inherited no old enmities. Our republic enters the world stage, therefore, free from pride and prejudice, humbly believing and striving that in international as well as internal affairs our statesmen may be guided by the teachings of the Father of our Nation — tolerance, understanding non-violence and resistance to aggression. It is in such a country and at such a time that it has pleased the representatives of our people to call me to this high office. You can easily understand my nervousness which arises not only from the tremendousness of the task with which our newly won freedom is confronted but also from a consciousness that I succeed in this sphere of activity, though not in office, one who has played such a conspicuous part not only during the period of strife and struggle but also during the period of constructive activity and active administration. You know Sri Chakravarty Rajagopalachari and have experience of his incisive intellect, great learning, practical wisdom and sweetness of manners. It has been my privilege to have been associated with him for more than 30 years and although we might have had occasional differences of opinion on some vital matters but never have our personal relations suffered by setback and I feel sure that I shall continue to enjoy the benefit of his protective advice in whatever crises I may have to face. My nervousness and anxiety are to no small extent countered by a consciousness that I shall be the recipient of fullest confidence from our Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, the Members of the Cabinet and the Legislature and from the people at large. I shall Endeavour my best to earn and deserve that confidence. Let me also hope that this country will be able to win the confidence of other nations and secure such assistance as it may require in times of need. I have great pleasure in responding to the toast which has been proposed. † Republic Day Celebrations Date: January 26 (Every Year) Venue: India Gate Highlights: President’s Speech, Parade and Caravans (Jhakiyan) of different states This is one of the most colorful and prestigious national festivals and the presence of dignitaries like the President of India, the Prime Minister of India, Union Ministers and foreign delegates also add to the dignity of the celebration. Celebration of Republic Day is different than Independence Day. The difference in significance marks the variation in the pattern of celebration of these two national days. It is a people’s day. On Independence Day, the past is recalled whereas, on Republic Day, the pledge is renewed. Independence Day has rhetoric built in the celebration; Republic Day is without speeches. Republic Day is celebrated all over the country at all the administrative units like the capital cities, district headquarters, sub divisions, talukas, and panchayats. The major ceremonies are held at Delhi and the state capitals. The celebration mood lasts for one week. It consists of the ground preparations, rehearsals, the main display which spills over to the ‘Beating of Retreat’ on January 29. The day has acquired the status of a social celebration in which people participate whole-heartedly. The celebration mosaic is studded with activities. Though the Republic Day Parade is the main ceremony, various activities are held from early morning when prabhat pheris (morning rounds) followed by a homage to Mahatma Gandhi – the Father of Nation. The parade is succeeded by sports events in the afternoon. ‘At Home’ functions at the Raj Bhavan, at the District Magistrate’s and at the SDM’s are followed by illumination of public buildings at the provincial capitals and administrative headquarters. The celebrations are universal, total and participatory in which children also take part in a big way. Variations in culture are displayed through colourful attires and folk dances. The parades held on the day traditionally predominates a touch of modernity reflected in the display of might, technology and capabilities of growth in various sectors. The parades symbolizes the might; the tableaux reflects the cultural motifs. Rules for Flag Hoisting in India â€Å"A flag is a necessity for all nations. Millions have died for it. It is no doubt a kind of idolatry which would be a sin to destroy. For, a flag represents an Ideal The unfurling of the Union Jack evokes in the English breast sentiments whose strength it is difficult to measure. The Stars and Stripes mean a world to the Americans. The Star and the Crescent will call forth the best bravery in Islam. † â€Å"It will be necessary for us Indians Muslims, Christians Jews, Parsis, and all others to whom India is their home-to recognize a common flag to live and to die for. † ~ Mahatma Gandhi The Indian Flag is a national symbol and it is respected by every citizen of India. There are certain points to remember while hoisting the Indian Flag. The Indian Flag should be hoisted with the saffron colour on the top. * There should be no flag or emblem either above the National Flag or on its right. * If there are multiple flags to be hoisted, they must be placed to the left of the Indian Flag. * During the hoisting of the National Flag, all present must stand to give respect and honour its glory. * The flag canno t be intentionally allowed to touch the ground or the floor or trail in water. It cannot be draped over the hood, top, and sides or back of vehicles, trains, boats or aircraft. * The flag cannot be used for communal gains, drapery, or clothes. The National Flag should be flown from sunrise to sunset, irrespective of the weather. It must be taken out before sunset. Republic Day Parade The main celebrations of Republic Day are held in the form of a colourful parade near India Gate in Delhi. The parade showcasing India’s military might and cultural diversity covers a 8 km route, starting from the Rashtrapati Bhavan through the picturesque Rajpath down to India Gate before winding up at the historic Red Fort in Old Delhi. The events of the day begin with the Prime Minister laying a wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti – India Gate. He then drives up to the central enclosure and awaits the arrival of the President and a Chief Guest of the occasion who is normally a Head of other Country. On his arrival the Hon’ble President meets the dignitaries present and unfurls the National Flag. Following this the National Anthem is played with a 21-gun salute to the National Flag. After this a brief investiture ceremony takes place during which the President presents India’s top gallantry awards, the Param Veer Chakra, the Veer Chakra and the Maha Veer Chakra to the outstanding soldiers from the defense services. After this, four helicopters from the armed forces fly past the parade area showering rose petals on the audience. Each chopper carries a flag – the first being the Indian flag and the other three the flags of the Army, the Navy, and the Indian Air Force. The march past begins immediately after the fly past. The President, as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, takes the salute of the mechanised, mounted and marching contingents of the Army, Air Force, Navy, Paramilitary forces, Police and the National Cadet Corps. After the march past comes the cultural extravaganza consisting of floats presented by the various states and performances by school children. After the floats, the bravery awards winning children from all over the country enter on elephants. A spectacular fly-past by Air Force and Naval aircraft rounds off this not-to-be missed experience. The parade is followed by a pageant of spectacular displays from the different states of the country. These moving exhibits depict scenes of activities of people in those states and the music and songs of that particular state accompany each display. Each display brings out the diversity and richness of the culture of India and the whole show lends a festive air to the occasion. No other country in the world can parade so many ethnically different people in splendid uniforms as India’s Armed Forces. But they are all united in their proven loyalty to the Government elected by the people and in their proud traditions and legendary gallantry. Republic Day Chief Guests Since 1950, India has been inviting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honor for Republic Day celebrations and parade in New Delhi. Selecting the Chief guests for the Republic Day has more than mere ceremonial reasons. The choice of chief guest every year is dictated by a number of reasons such as strategic and diplomatic, business interest and international geo-politics. Recently India has been inviting dignitaries from South East Asia with the latest being Thailand’s first women Prime Minister, Yingluck Shinawatra. Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said Al Said will be the chief guest for Republic Day Celebrations 2013 Here is the list of Chief Guests invited as the Guest of Honor for the Republic Day ceremony held in Delhi. 950 President Sukarno from Indonesia 1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck of Bhutan 1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad of Pakistan 1958 Marshall Ye Jianying of People’s Republic of China 1960 President Kliment Voroshilov of Soviet Union 1961 Queen Elizabeth II from United Kingdom 1963 King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia 1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid of Pakistan 1968 Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin of Soviet Union President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia 1969 Prime Minister of Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov of Bulgaria 1971 President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania 972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam of Mauritius 1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire 1974 President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia 1975 President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia 1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac of France 1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek of Poland 1978 President Patrick Hillery of Ireland 1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser of Australia 1980 President Valery Giscard d’Estaing of France 1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo of Mexico 1982 King Juan Carlos I of Spain 1983 President Shehu Shagari of Nigeria 1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan 985 President Raul Alfonsin of Argentina 1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou of Greece 1987 President Alan Garcia of Peru 1988 President Junius Jayewardene of Sri Lanka 1989 General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh of Vietnam 1990 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth of Mauritius 1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom of Maldives 1992 President Mario Soares of Portugal 1993 Prime Minister John Major of United Kingdom 1994 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong of Singapore 1995 President Nelson Mandela of South Africa 1996 President Dr. Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil 997 Prime Minister Basdeo Panday of Trinidad and Tobago 1998 President Jacques Chirac of France 1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev of Nepal 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria 2001 President Abdelaziz Bouteflika of Algeria 2002 President Cassam Uteem of Mauritius 2003 President Mohammed Khatami of Iran 2004 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil 2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan 2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud of Saudi Arabia 2007 President Vladimir Putin of Russia 2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy of France 009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan 2010 President Lee Myung Bak of Republic of Korea 2011 P resident Susi lo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia 2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra of Thailand 2013 Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said Al Said Republic Day Awards The national awards for bravery or the National Bravery Awards was started in 1957 by the Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW) to recognize and honor children who have performed outstanding deeds of bravery and selfless sacrifice. Every year the ICCW confers these awards to children below 16 years of age. The awards are announced on November 14 (Children’s Day) and the Prime Minister presents the awards on the eve of Republic Day. The awardees receive a medal, certificate and cash as a token of their indispensable courage. These children also take part in the Republic Day Parade atop an elephant. In addition to this, some of them are also granted financial assistance to complete their schooling and professional courses such as medical and engineering (under the Indira Gandhi scholarship scheme). Assistance is also provided to some till they complete their graduation. The Central and State government departments, Panchayats, Zila Parishads, State and Union Territory councils for Child Welfare and also the school authorities have the responsibility of acknowledging the applications for the bravery award. The selection is made by a committee constituted by the ICCW, comprising of representatives from the Secretariats of the President and the Vice-President, various ministries, as well as the Central Social Welfare Board, police, All India Radio, Doordarshan and leading NGOs such as the National Bal Bhavan, SOS, Children’s Villages of India, R K Mission and experienced ICCW members. In 1978, the Indian Council for Child Welfare instituted two bravery awards for children under the age of 16, the Sanjay Chopra Award and the Geeta Chopra Award, given each year along with the National Bravery Award. Bravery Awards 2013 The list of Bravery Award winners for the year 2013 was announced by the ICCW on January 18th, 2013. The award is to be conferred to 22 brave children from all parts of the country, the youngest recipient being 7-year-old Koroungamba Kuman from Manipur. The coveted ‘Bharat Award’ will be awarded to Tarang Atulbhai Mistry from Gujarat and 11-year-old Gajendra Ram from Chhattisgarh is being felicitated with ‘Sanjay Chopra’ award. NameAwardState Renu Geeta Chopra AwardDelhi Gajendra Ram Sanjay Chopra AwardChhattisgarh Tarang Atulbhai MistryBharat AwardGujarat Vijay Kumar SainikBapu Gaidhani AwardUttar Pradesh Akanksha GauteBapu Gaidhani AwardChhattisgarh Hali Raghunath BarafBapu Gaidhani AwardMaharashtra RamdintharaNational Bravery AwardsMizoram Devansh TiwariNational Bravery AwardsChhattisgarh Mukesh NishadNational Bravery AwardsChhattisgarh LalrinhluaNational Bravery AwardsMizoram E. SuganthanNational Bravery AwardsTamil Nadu Ramith. K,National Bravery AwardsKerala Mebin CyriacNational Bravery AwardsKerala Vishnu M. V. National Bravery AwardsKerala Koroungamba KumanNational Bravery AwardsManipur Sameep Anil PanditNational Bravery AwardsMaharashtra Viswendra LohknaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Satendra LohkanaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Pawan Kumar KanaujiyaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Stripleaseman MylliemNational Bravery AwardsMeghalaya Sapna Kumari MeenaNational Bravery AwardsRajasthan Suhail K. M. National Bravery AwardsKarnataka Gallantry Awards Soldiers, who have performed outstanding deeds of bravery and selfless sacrifice, are awarded the bravery medals, Param Vir Chakra, Vir Chakra and Maha Vir Chakra. Each defense service in India have there own set of gallantry awards that are awarded to the soldiers who have shown courage and valor. Beating Retreat After three days of Republic Day parade, a moving ceremony known as â€Å"Beating Retreat† is held at the Vijay Chowk in New Delhi. This ceremony revives an ancient war custom according to which troops used to stop fighting at sunset. Bugles announcing the sunset would sound in the battlefield. As soon as soldiers heard these bugles they would stand still in the battlefield and war would be stopped for the day. This ceremony held on the 29th of January every year, marks the formal end of the Republic Day celebrations. The ceremony opens with a parade by selected contingents of the armed forces set to scintillating performances by the various armed forces bands. The parade climaxes with all the bands playing in unison. As the bands fall silent, a lone trumpeter picks up the moving tune ‘Siki a mole’. After this performance the hymn ‘Abide with me’ is played by the Massed Bands. This hymn, said to be Mahatma Gandhi’s favourite, is a permanent feature of the ceremony. At exactly 6 pm, the buglers sound the retreat and the National Flag is lowered to the National Anthem bringing the Republic Day celebrations to a formal end. One by one, the camels and the riders who stand stone-like throughout against the backdrop of the sky, move away from the background. Just after this comes the most visually appealing part of the show. With the click of a button, a thousand bulbs light up the Rashtrapati Bhavan and adjoining buildings. Surely a fitting end to the annual celebrations of the Indian republic! National Anthem of India The National Anthem of India is ‘Jana Gana Mana’ which was written and composed by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. It was first sung at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress on December 27, 1911. It was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on January 24, 1950. THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OF INDIA Jana gana mana adhinayaka jaya he Bharata bhagya vidhata Punjaba Sind Gujarata Maratha Dravida Utkala Banga Vindhya Himachala Yamuna Ganga Ucchala jaladhi taranga Tava subha name jage Tava subha asisa mage Gahe tava jaya gatha Jana gana mangala dayaka jaya he Bharata bhagya vidhata Jaya he jaya he jaya he Jaya jaya jaya jaya he! Translation into English Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people, Dispenser of India’s destiny. Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sind, Gujarat and Maratha, Of the Dravida and Orissa and Bengal; It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas, mingles in the music of Jamuna and Ganges and is chanted by the waves of the Indian Sea. They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise. The saving of all people waits in thy hand, Thou dispenser of India’s destiny. Victory, victory, victory, Victory to thee. Preamble to the Constitution of India Just as every book we read comes with a preface, which gives us a brief outline and the central theme of that book, so is the case with the preamble of Indian Constitution. The Preamble being the preface of the constitution lays down the basic makeup of the Constitution. The Indian Preamble highlights the type of society and government it wishes India and Indians to have. For this, it has tried to incorporate the objectives of the Constitution in a nutshell. The Preamble of the constitution has used the noblest words which symbolize the highest principles and values of human creativity and experience. World over, the Preamble of the Indian Constitution is regarded highly for its originality in wholeness of approach in dealing with so many subjects. The Indian preamble wishes India to be a country where there should be no high class and low class of citizens; an India in which all communities will co-exist in perfect harmony. Interestingly, the Indian Constitution is the longest of all the constitutions by any other nation. PREAMBLE WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, are having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. 64th Republic Day of India The patriotic fervor of the Indian people on this day brings the whole country together even in her embedded diversity. Republic Day is a people’s day in a variety of ways: It’s when regional identity takes a backseat and what matters most is the universal appeal of unity and brotherhood projected by all Indians. The Indian constitution basically stands for the aspirations which ‘the common man of India’ cherishes. Republic Day is a day of the citizen of the country when he is entitled to be ‘all supreme’. Republic Day is celebrated most majestically in the capital, New Delhi, where symbols of the great nation’s military might and cultural wealth are displayed in what is the world’s most impressive parade. All Government buildings are illuminated lending the city the atmosphere of a fairyland. This day is celebrated with much zeal and pride all across the nation. Republic Day Significance India gained independence on August 15, 1947. But till January 26, 1950, it did not have the proper law of the land for ruling the country. On 26th January, 1950 the constitution of India came into force and India became a nation state with sovereignty and republic sense. Our constitution was formed by the Indian Constituent Assembly. The Indian Constituent Assembly met on December 9, 1946. The Assembly appointed a number of committees to report on the various aspects of the proposed constitution. The Constituent Assembly had appointed Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman to draft the Constitution. The committee finalized the draft with 395 Articles and eight Schedules and was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. The Indian Republic officially came into being on January 26, 1950. January 26 was not some random date picked out of the calendar. It was on this date in 1927, that the Indian National Congress, then fighting its non-violent war for freedom, voted for complete independence as against ‘Dominion Status’. It was the date when members of the Indian National Congress took the pledge to work towards a ‘Sovereign Democratic Republic’ of India. The Indian Constitution, the longest in the world, now consist of 397 articles and 12 schedules which provides for a single citizenship for the whole of India. It gives the right to vote to all the citizens of 18 years and above, unless they are disqualified. Fundamental rights are guaranteed to the citizens, equality of religion and so on. The Supreme Court, consisting of the Chief Justice of India and other judges, are the guardian of the Constitution. It stands at the apex of a single integrated judicial system for the whole country. This is where the fundamental rights of the citizens are protected. 26 January 1950 It was on 26 January, 1950 that the constitution of India came into force and India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic. It was on the same day that Dr. Rajendra Prasad took oath as the first President of India. Read here the first speech delivered by Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the President of India on 26th January, 1950. â€Å"It is a great day for our country. India has had a long and chequered history; parts of it were cloudy and parts bright and sunlit. At no period, even during the most glorious eras of which we have record, was this whole country brought under one Constitution and one rule. We have mention of many Republics in our books and our historians have been able to make out a more or less connected and co-ordinated piece out of the incidents and the places which are mentioned in these records. But these Republics were small and tiny and their shape and size was perhaps the same as that of the Greek Republics of that period. We have mention of Kings and Princes, some of whom are described as ‘Chakravarty’, that is, a monarch whose suzerainty was acknowledged by other Princes. During the British period, while acknowledging the suzerainty of Britain, the Indian Princes continued to carry on the administration of their territories in their own way. It is for the first time today that we have inaugurated a Constitution which extends to the whole of this country and we see the birth of a federal republic having States which have no sovereignty of their own and which are really members and parts of one federation and one administration. His Excellency the Ambassador of the Netherlands has been pleased to refer to the relations and connections of this country with other countries both Eastern and Western. That relationship, so far as this country is concerned, has always been one of friendliness. Our ancestors carried the message of our teachers far and wide and established cultural ties which have withstood the ravages of time and still subsist while Empires have crumbled and fallen to pieces. Our ties subsist because they were not of iron and steel or even of gold but of the silken cords of the human spirit, India has had to face, on many occasions, assaults and invasions by foreigners and she has very often succumbed. But, there is not a single instance of a military invasion or aggressive war by this country against any other. It is therefore in the fitness of things and a culmination of our own cultural traditions that we have been able to win our freedom without bloodshed and in a very peaceful manner. The Father of our Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, was not a freak of nature but the physical embodiment and consummation of the progress of that spirit of non-violence which has been our great heritage. We have been able under his matchless leadership, not only to regain our lost freedom but also to establish and strengthen the bonds of friendship with those — and our thanks are due to them for it — against whose policy we have fought and won. Our Constitution is a democratic instrument seeking to ensure to the individual citizens the freedoms which are so invaluable. India has never prescribed or prosecuted opinion and faith and our philosophy has room as much for a devotee of a personal god, as for an agnostic or an atheist. We shall, therefore, be only implementing in practice under our Constitution what we have inherited from our traditions, namely, freedom of opinion and expression. Under the new set-up, which we are inaugurating today, we hope to live up to the teachings of our Master and help in our own humble way in the establishment of peace in the world. Our attitude towards all countries is one of utmost friendliness. We have no designs against any one, no ambition to dominate others. Our hope is that others also will have no designs against us. We have had bitter experience of aggression by other countries in the past and can only express the hope that it may not be necessary for us to take any measures even in self-defence. I know the world today is passing through a most uncertain and anxious period. Two world wars within one generation, with all their devastation and aftermath of suffering and sorrow, have not been able to convince it that a war can never bring about the end of wars. It is, therefore, necessary to seek the end of wars in positive acts of goodness towards all and the world must learn to utilize all its resources for productive and beneficial purposes and not for destruction. We do venture to think that this country may have a past to play in establishing this goodwill and atmosphere of confidence and co-operation. We have inherited no old enmities. Our republic enters the world stage, therefore, free from pride and prejudice, humbly believing and striving that in international as well as internal affairs our statesmen may be guided by the teachings of the Father of our Nation — tolerance, understanding non-violence and resistance to aggression. It is in such a country and at such a time that it has pleased the representatives of our people to call me to this high office. You can easily understand my nervousness which arises not only from the tremendousness of the task with which our newly won freedom is confronted but also from a consciousness that I succeed in this sphere of activity, though not in office, one who has played such a conspicuous part not only during the period of strife and struggle but also during the period of constructive activity and active administration. You know Sri Chakravarty Rajagopalachari and have experience of his incisive intellect, great learning, practical wisdom and sweetness of manners. It has been my privilege to have been associated with him for more than 30 years and although we might have had occasional differences of opinion on some vital matters but never have our personal relations suffered by setback and I feel sure that I shall continue to enjoy the benefit of his protective advice in whatever crises I may have to face. My nervousness and anxiety are to no small extent countered by a consciousness that I shall be the recipient of fullest confidence from our Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, the Members of the Cabinet and the Legislature and from the people at large. I shall Endeavour my best to earn and deserve that confidence. Let me also hope that this country will be able to win the confidence of other nations and secure such assistance as it may require in times of need. I have great pleasure in responding to the toast which has been proposed. † Republic Day Celebrations Date: January 26 (Every Year) Venue: India Gate Highlights: President’s Speech, Parade and Caravans (Jhakiyan) of different states This is one of the most colorful and prestigious national festivals and the presence of dignitaries like the President of India, the Prime Minister of India, Union Ministers and foreign delegates also add to the dignity of the celebration. Celebration of Republic Day is different than Independence Day. The difference in significance marks the variation in the pattern of celebration of these two national days. It is a people’s day. On Independence Day, the past is recalled whereas, on Republic Day, the pledge is renewed. Independence Day has rhetoric built in the celebration; Republic Day is without speeches. Republic Day is celebrated all over the country at all the administrative units like the capital cities, district headquarters, sub divisions, talukas, and panchayats. The major ceremonies are held at Delhi and the state capitals. The celebration mood lasts for one week. It consists of the ground preparations, rehearsals, the main display which spills over to the ‘Beating of Retreat’ on January 29. The day has acquired the status of a social celebration in which people participate whole-heartedly. The celebration mosaic is studded with activities. Though the Republic Day Parade is the main ceremony, various activities are held from early morning when prabhat pheris (morning rounds) followed by a homage to Mahatma Gandhi – the Father of Nation. The parade is succeeded by sports events in the afternoon. ‘At Home’ functions at the Raj Bhavan, at the District Magistrate’s and at the SDM’s are followed by illumination of public buildings at the provincial capitals and administrative headquarters. The celebrations are universal, total and participatory in which children also take part in a big way. Variations in culture are displayed through colourful attires and folk dances. The parades held on the day traditionally predominates a touch of modernity reflected in the display of might, technology and capabilities of growth in various sectors. The parades symbolizes the might; the tableaux reflects the cultural motifs. Rules for Flag Hoisting in India â€Å"A flag is a necessity for all nations. Millions have died for it. It is no doubt a kind of idolatry which would be a sin to destroy. For, a flag represents an Ideal The unfurling of the Union Jack evokes in the English breast sentiments whose strength it is difficult to measure. The Stars and Stripes mean a world to the Americans. The Star and the Crescent will call forth the best bravery in Islam. † â€Å"It will be necessary for us Indians Muslims, Christians Jews, Parsis, and all others to whom India is their home-to recognize a common flag to live and to die for. † ~ Mahatma Gandhi The Indian Flag is a national symbol and it is respected by every citizen of India. There are certain points to remember while hoisting the Indian Flag. The Indian Flag should be hoisted with the saffron colour on the top. * There should be no flag or emblem either above the National Flag or on its right. * If there are multiple flags to be hoisted, they must be placed to the left of the Indian Flag. * During the hoisting of the National Flag, all present must stand to give respect and honour its glory. * The flag canno t be intentionally allowed to touch the ground or the floor or trail in water. It cannot be draped over the hood, top, and sides or back of vehicles, trains, boats or aircraft. * The flag cannot be used for communal gains, drapery, or clothes. The National Flag should be flown from sunrise to sunset, irrespective of the weather. It must be taken out before sunset. Republic Day Parade The main celebrations of Republic Day are held in the form of a colourful parade near India Gate in Delhi. The parade showcasing India’s military might and cultural diversity covers a 8 km route, starting from the Rashtrapati Bhavan through the picturesque Rajpath down to India Gate before winding up at the historic Red Fort in Old Delhi. The events of the day begin with the Prime Minister laying a wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti – India Gate. He then drives up to the central enclosure and awaits the arrival of the President and a Chief Guest of the occasion who is normally a Head of other Country. On his arrival the Hon’ble President meets the dignitaries present and unfurls the National Flag. Following this the National Anthem is played with a 21-gun salute to the National Flag. After this a brief investiture ceremony takes place during which the President presents India’s top gallantry awards, the Param Veer Chakra, the Veer Chakra and the Maha Veer Chakra to the outstanding soldiers from the defense services. After this, four helicopters from the armed forces fly past the parade area showering rose petals on the audience. Each chopper carries a flag – the first being the Indian flag and the other three the flags of the Army, the Navy, and the Indian Air Force. The march past begins immediately after the fly past. The President, as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, takes the salute of the mechanised, mounted and marching contingents of the Army, Air Force, Navy, Paramilitary forces, Police and the National Cadet Corps. After the march past comes the cultural extravaganza consisting of floats presented by the various states and performances by school children. After the floats, the bravery awards winning children from all over the country enter on elephants. A spectacular fly-past by Air Force and Naval aircraft rounds off this not-to-be missed experience. The parade is followed by a pageant of spectacular displays from the different states of the country. These moving exhibits depict scenes of activities of people in those states and the music and songs of that particular state accompany each display. Each display brings out the diversity and richness of the culture of India and the whole show lends a festive air to the occasion. No other country in the world can parade so many ethnically different people in splendid uniforms as India’s Armed Forces. But they are all united in their proven loyalty to the Government elected by the people and in their proud traditions and legendary gallantry. Republic Day Chief Guests Since 1950, India has been inviting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honor for Republic Day celebrations and parade in New Delhi. Selecting the Chief guests for the Republic Day has more than mere ceremonial reasons. The choice of chief guest every year is dictated by a number of reasons such as strategic and diplomatic, business interest and international geo-politics. Recently India has been inviting dignitaries from South East Asia with the latest being Thailand’s first women Prime Minister, Yingluck Shinawatra. Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said Al Said will be the chief guest for Republic Day Celebrations 2013 Here is the list of Chief Guests invited as the Guest of Honor for the Republic Day ceremony held in Delhi. 950 President Sukarno from Indonesia 1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck of Bhutan 1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad of Pakistan 1958 Marshall Ye Jianying of People’s Republic of China 1960 President Kliment Voroshilov of Soviet Union 1961 Queen Elizabeth II from United Kingdom 1963 King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia 1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid of Pakistan 1968 Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin of Soviet Union President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia 1969 Prime Minister of Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov of Bulgaria 1971 President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania 972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam of Mauritius 1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire 1974 President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia 1975 President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia 1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac of France 1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek of Poland 1978 President Patrick Hillery of Ireland 1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser of Australia 1980 President Valery Giscard d’Estaing of France 1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo of Mexico 1982 King Juan Carlos I of Spain 1983 President Shehu Shagari of Nigeria 1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan 985 President Raul Alfonsin of Argentina 1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou of Greece 1987 President Alan Garcia of Peru 1988 President Junius Jayewardene of Sri Lanka 1989 General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh of Vietnam 1990 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth of Mauritius 1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom of Maldives 1992 President Mario Soares of Portugal 1993 Prime Minister John Major of United Kingdom 1994 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong of Singapore 1995 President Nelson Mandela of South Africa 1996 President Dr. Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil 997 Prime Minister Basdeo Panday of Trinidad and Tobago 1998 President Jacques Chirac of France 1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev of Nepal 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria 2001 President Abdelaziz Bouteflika of Algeria 2002 President Cassam Uteem of Mauritius 2003 President Mohammed Khatami of Iran 2004 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil 2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan 2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud of Saudi Arabia 2007 President Vladimir Putin of Russia 2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy of France 009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan 2010 President Lee Myung Bak of Republic of Korea 2011 P resident Susi lo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia 2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra of Thailand 2013 Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said Al Said Republic Day Awards The national awards for bravery or the National Bravery Awards was started in 1957 by the Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW) to recognize and honor children who have performed outstanding deeds of bravery and selfless sacrifice. Every year the ICCW confers these awards to children below 16 years of age. The awards are announced on November 14 (Children’s Day) and the Prime Minister presents the awards on the eve of Republic Day. The awardees receive a medal, certificate and cash as a token of their indispensable courage. These children also take part in the Republic Day Parade atop an elephant. In addition to this, some of them are also granted financial assistance to complete their schooling and professional courses such as medical and engineering (under the Indira Gandhi scholarship scheme). Assistance is also provided to some till they complete their graduation. The Central and State government departments, Panchayats, Zila Parishads, State and Union Territory councils for Child Welfare and also the school authorities have the responsibility of acknowledging the applications for the bravery award. The selection is made by a committee constituted by the ICCW, comprising of representatives from the Secretariats of the President and the Vice-President, various ministries, as well as the Central Social Welfare Board, police, All India Radio, Doordarshan and leading NGOs such as the National Bal Bhavan, SOS, Children’s Villages of India, R K Mission and experienced ICCW members. In 1978, the Indian Council for Child Welfare instituted two bravery awards for children under the age of 16, the Sanjay Chopra Award and the Geeta Chopra Award, given each year along with the National Bravery Award. Bravery Awards 2013 The list of Bravery Award winners for the year 2013 was announced by the ICCW on January 18th, 2013. The award is to be conferred to 22 brave children from all parts of the country, the youngest recipient being 7-year-old Koroungamba Kuman from Manipur. The coveted ‘Bharat Award’ will be awarded to Tarang Atulbhai Mistry from Gujarat and 11-year-old Gajendra Ram from Chhattisgarh is being felicitated with ‘Sanjay Chopra’ award. NameAwardState Renu Geeta Chopra AwardDelhi Gajendra Ram Sanjay Chopra AwardChhattisgarh Tarang Atulbhai MistryBharat AwardGujarat Vijay Kumar SainikBapu Gaidhani AwardUttar Pradesh Akanksha GauteBapu Gaidhani AwardChhattisgarh Hali Raghunath BarafBapu Gaidhani AwardMaharashtra RamdintharaNational Bravery AwardsMizoram Devansh TiwariNational Bravery AwardsChhattisgarh Mukesh NishadNational Bravery AwardsChhattisgarh LalrinhluaNational Bravery AwardsMizoram E. SuganthanNational Bravery AwardsTamil Nadu Ramith. K,National Bravery AwardsKerala Mebin CyriacNational Bravery AwardsKerala Vishnu M. V. National Bravery AwardsKerala Koroungamba KumanNational Bravery AwardsManipur Sameep Anil PanditNational Bravery AwardsMaharashtra Viswendra LohknaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Satendra LohkanaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Pawan Kumar KanaujiyaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Stripleaseman MylliemNational Bravery AwardsMeghalaya Sapna Kumari MeenaNational Bravery AwardsRajasthan Suhail K. M. National Bravery AwardsKarnataka Gallantry Awards Soldiers, who have performed outstanding deeds of bravery and selfless sacrifice, are awarded the bravery medals, Param Vir Chakra, Vir Chakra and Maha Vir Chakra. Each defense service in India have there own set of gallantry awards that are awarded to the soldiers who have shown courage and valor. Beating Retreat After three days of Republic Day parade, a moving ceremony known as â€Å"Beating Retreat† is held at the Vijay Chowk in New Delhi. This ceremony revives an ancient war custom according to which troops used to stop fighting at sunset. Bugles announcing the sunset would sound in the battlefield. As soon as soldiers heard these bugles they would stand still in the battlefield and war would be stopped for the day. This ceremony held on the 29th of January every year, marks the formal end of the Republic Day celebrations. The ceremony opens with a parade by selected contingents of the armed forces set to scintillating performances by the various armed forces bands. The parade climaxes with all the bands playing in unison. As the bands fall silent, a lone trumpeter picks up the moving tune ‘Siki a mole’. After this performance the hymn ‘Abide with me’ is played by the Massed Bands. This hymn, said to be Mahatma Gandhi’s favourite, is a permanent feature of the ceremony. At exactly 6 pm, the buglers sound the retreat and the National Flag is lowered to the National Anthem bringing the Republic Day celebrations to a formal end. One by one, the camels and the riders who stand stone-like throughout against the backdrop of the sky, move away from the background. Just after this comes the most visually appealing part of the show. With the click of a button, a thousand bulbs light up the Rashtrapati Bhavan and adjoining buildings. Surely a fitting end to the annual celebrations of the Indian republic! National Anthem of India The National Anthem of India is ‘Jana Gana Mana’ which was written and composed by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. It was first sung at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress on December 27, 1911. It was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on January 24, 1950. THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OF INDIA Jana gana mana adhinayaka jaya he Bharata bhagya vidhata Punjaba Sind Gujarata Maratha Dravida Utkala Banga Vindhya Himachala Yamuna Ganga Ucchala jaladhi taranga Tava subha name jage Tava subha asisa mage Gahe tava jaya gatha Jana gana mangala dayaka jaya he Bharata bhagya vidhata Jaya he jaya he jaya he Jaya jaya jaya jaya he! Translation into English Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people, Dispenser of India’s destiny. Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sind, Gujarat and Maratha, Of the Dravida and Orissa and Bengal; It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas, mingles in the music of Jamuna and Ganges and is chanted by the waves of the Indian Sea. They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise. The saving of all people waits in thy hand, Thou dispenser of India’s destiny. Victory, victory, victory, Victory to thee. Preamble to the Constitution of India Just as every book we read comes with a preface, which gives us a brief outline and the central theme of that book, so is the case with the preamble of Indian Constitution. The Preamble being the preface of the constitution lays down the basic makeup of the Constitution. The Indian Preamble highlights the type of society and government it wishes India and Indians to have. For this, it has tried to incorporate the objectives of the Constitution in a nutshell. The Preamble of the constitution has used the noblest words which symbolize the highest principles and values of human creativity and experience. World over, the Preamble of the Indian Constitution is regarded highly for its originality in wholeness of approach in dealing with so many subjects. The Indian preamble wishes India to be a country where there should be no high class and low class of citizens; an India in which all communities will co-exist in perfect harmony. Interestingly, the Indian Constitution is the longest of all the constitutions by any other nation. PREAMBLE WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, are having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.